Do All Rays and Skates Sting With Barbs

There are several hundred species of rays and skates. These animals are essentially flattened sharks. They are classified in the same taxonomic class (elasmobranchii) as sharks, but many skates and rays spend much of their time on the ocean bottom, hence their flat appearance. All skates and rays have a diamond shape, made up of their body and their wing-like pectoral fins. They also have tails: have a shorter, fleshier tail while rays have a long, whip-like tail. Rays may have one or two spines in their tail that they use in self-defense. The spines are modified dermal denticles  that have spongy, venomous tissue inside. A stingray that is surprised can whip its tail into a perceived threat. The spine stays behind and poisons the victim with its venom. In addition, it is difficult to remove, because it has serrations that point toward its base, similar to the end of a fish hook. Do All Rays Sting? There are many species of rays. These include stingrays, electric rays, manta rays, butterfly rays, and round rays. The odd-looking sawfish and guitarfish are also classified as rays. Not all of these rays have stingers (the giant manta ray doesnt have a stinger), and not all rays sting. However, there are rays, such as southern stingrays  and yellow stingrays, that inhabit shallow waters near sandy beaches, and you should use caution when swimming in these areas. How to Avoid a Stingray Sting If you live or vacation in areas with sandy bottoms where rays might be present (e.g. Florida and southern California), youll want to become familiar with the stingray shuffle. What does this mean? Instead of stepping normally when youre in the water, drag your feet as you walk. This will alert a stingray to your presence and then it will likely move away before it does any harm. If you do step on something soft, step off it as quickly as possible. What to Do If You Get Stung by a Stingray If you are stung by a stingray, stay as calm as possible. Stingray stings can vary as to how painful they are. Most arent fatal.  If you are stung, get out of the water and seek medical attention to make sure the sting is treated properly, as stings not properly treated can result in secondary infection. Symptoms associated with a stingray sting include nausea, weakness, anxiety, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and breathing difficulties. Medical treatment may involve removing any foreign matter left in the wound, washing and disinfecting the wound, and submerging the wound in very hot water (as hot as the victim can stand). The hot water can help with pain and deactivating the venom.   Do Stingrays in Aquariums Sting? Stingrays in petting tanks in aquariums usually have their stinging spine(s) removed so that they dont sting visitors or handlers.   Resources and Further Reading Bester, Cathleen. â€Å"Skate Ray FAQ.† Florida Museum, University of Florida, 5 Sept. 2018.Iversen, Edwin S., and Renate H. Skinner. Dangerous Sea Life of the West Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico: a Guide for Accident Prevention and First Aid. Pineapple, 2006.Martin, R. Aidan. â€Å"Batoids: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Electric Rays, Skates, and Sting Rays.† Biology of Sharks and Rays, ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.ï » ¿Weis, Judith S. Do Fish Sleep?: Fascinating Answers to Questions about Fishes. Rutgers University, 2011.

Ronald Reagan’s A Time For Choosing Speech Essay - 1784 Words

Millions of viewers tuned into the National Broadcasting Company television network for a special broadcast on the 27th of October. Viewers were anticipating Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"A Time for Choosing† speech. Reagan was acknowledged for his acting in motion pictures and television episodes since 1937, and was now being seen in an unfamiliar role. Reagan emerged in support of the Republican nominee Barry Goldwater. Barry Morris Goldwater was a businessman and five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. â€Å"A Time for Choosing† was effective, because he gave personal examples to capture the audiences’ attention, and gave humor to a tough subject. The United States†¦show more content†¦For the audience he gives them examples of how government interference hurts Americans and also allusions to past times such as the revolution and how the founding fathers did not want a big gove rnment. He shares that he has â€Å"an uncomfortable feeling that this prosperity isn’t something on which we base our hopes the future.† Reagan’s ability to connect with his audience was rare and unlike many of his colleagues. Whether the topics he spoke on were always relevant to that of the listener, it did not always matter. Reagan had gained strong speaking skills while previously working in the acting industry thus enabling him to better connect with his audience. Reagan believes that the country is headed in the wrong direction and that America has several challenges at home and abroad. America’s government was in an economic crisis during the time this speech was given. He knew the citizens needed to hear something strong and powerful that promised change for a better way of life. â€Å"A Time for Choosing† was deliberative and not only informed and inspired the audience but it also provided America with a lighthearted source of entertainment. The style changes at the end of the speech and establishes an optimistic anticipation for the future. Reagan constructs the case for Goldwater and states in his closing sentence â€Å"We will keep in mind and remember that Barry Goldwater has faith in us. He has faithShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Time For Choosing By Ronald Reagan1327 Words    |  6 PagesRonald Reagan Declaring for President in 1964 Just over two years before Ronald Reagan competed in his first statewide or national office, the former actor gave a speech in support of a doomed presidential candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater. This speech had little effect on 1964 presidential election. However, the â€Å"A Time for Choosing† speech established Ronald Reagan as the future of the conservative movement, and outlined his view of what America should be. â€Å"A Time for Choosing† fastened Reagan’sRead MorePolitical Discourse And Political Politics1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthere will always be some level of partisan resistance within our essentially two party system. In 1964, partisan politics were starting to replace debates over issues as the main political discourse and A Time for Choosing takes full advantage of those sentiments. At the beginning of his speech, Reagan mentions his past as a liberal democrat. According to his own auto-biography, An American Life, Reagan aligned with the lef t until his relationship with conservative actress, Nancy Davis. During theRead MoreRonald Reagan Elected Governor935 Words   |  4 PagesOn November 8, 1966 California voters elected Republican candidate Ronald Reagan as the states 33rd Governor. 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Nevertheless, California embodied the American ideals of opportunity that proliferated during the era- the opportunity for prosperity and success and upward social mobility through hard work. The economic output of the â€Å"nation’s state† was spectacular, rivaling even some of the largest nations of the time, surpassed only by six other nations. (Governor Reagan) This unmatched economic dominance wasRead MoreBest Vs. Worst Communicators967 Words   |  4 Pagespeople come to mind, former United States President Ronald Reagan and the former Chief Executive Officer of British Petroleum (BP) Tony Hayward, respectively. Both of these men exhibited certain attributes that affected the way that audiences received the messages they were attempting to convey. One of the key characteristics of good communication is being knowledgeable on the subject you are speaking about. Most of the great communicators such as Ronald Reagan ensure that they carry out their due diligenceRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of â€Å"A Time For Choosing†2096 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Darian Ms. White English 101.42 2 October 2013 An Analysis of â€Å"A Time For Choosing† Millions of viewers tuned into the National Broadcasting Company television network for a special broadcast on the 27th of October. Viewers were anticipating Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"A Time for Choosing† speech. Reagan was acknowledged for his acting in motion pictures and television episodes since 1937, and was now being seen in an unfamiliar role. Reagan emerged in support of the Republican nominee Barry GoldwaterRead MoreRonald Wilson Reag The Oldest Man Ever Be Elected President Of The United States910 Words   |  4 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, born on February 6, 1911 to Nelle Wilson and John Edward (Jack) Reagan in the town of in Tampico, Illinois, was the oldest man ever to be elected President of the United States. His family settled in Dixon, Illinois in 1920. After graduating from Dixon High School in 1928, Reagan attended Eureka (Illinois) College where he majored in economics and sociology. In 1937, Reagan was â€Å"discovered† by an agent for Warner B rothers and offered a seven-year contract as an actor. He movedRead MoreRonald Reagan, The Great Communicator Of The United States Of America Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, the great communicator of the United States of America began his legacy of embodying the conservative movement during one of the most famous speeches in American history. Before Ronald Reagan became the fortieth president of the United States, he began his switch from acting and movies to government and politics. Early in Reagan’s career he saw himself as a democrat, with Theodore Roosevelt as his hero. This would change thru his acting and professional career as Ronald Reagan

Markeying Technology Tiffany & Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Markeying Technology Tiffany Company. Answer: Introduction Todays companies start with less effort with the help of modern technology which has made it possible for almost anything to happen (Cowley, 2017). But some companies made it through all the years of transitions (Cowley, 2017). Tiffany and company is one of the companies, having 18 decades of existence with jewellery as the main product. It is a global company dating back from 1837 in New York City, USA Topic All the resources for the Tiffany Co. come from the environment by mining making the company accountable for the effects encountered. Diamond and gemstone jewellery are the significant sources of revenue to Tiffany. The company has gained more respect for initiating essential feelings like love between people. For a new product to sell, sometimes advertisements are done by celebrities depending on their public influence. They use the brands when shooting video footages increasing chances of selling products especially from Tiffany (Ismailova, 2017). For any brand business, there must be a retail platform for exchange. Tiffany has many operational stores; 122 in the US, 72 in the Pacific, 38 in Europe, 56 in Japan, 5 in the UAE and 1 in Russia. This made the company independent raising its profits and net sales. New marketing places like India, Russia and the Arab countries give hope to the improvement of the company in the coming years (Ismailova, 2017). India has the best human resources and favourable conditions developing the economy in the Gem and Jewelry sector. The GDP growth rate for India was 5% by 2014. Indians are among the largest consumers of jewellery because of their culture and traditions. This provides the first opportunity for Tiffany Company. India owns 80% of the worldwide market diamond industry (Ismailova, 2017). Qatar is supposed to be a lucky country with high living standards within two decades according to the Qatar National Vision 2030. It is still working on its national brand that is expected to improve its international relationship regarding adventure, education and sports. For Tiffany to put more targets in its crosshairs, Qatar should make the chance by launching a national brand. The expenses on luxury are high in the country having a GDP of $171.5 billion and a growth rate of 14.2 percent per annum (Ismailova, 2017). Diamonds from Belgium are of the highest value. Tiffanys partnership with the nation has earned it massive profits. Despite having only one store in Belgium, Tiffany gains a lot from the high rate of diamond supply with fewer risks and nearly no competition. Belgium is cautious on the issue of environment since the activities and influences of Tiffany Company (Ismailova, 2017). Conclusion Tiffany Company has a readily available market that has grown ever since based on its reliability and high-quality products (Ismailova, 2017). Many customers trust the company for better goods and services. Its investments in new places indicates progress. Many challenges has made the company stronger in business. References Cowley, M. (2017). Transcending Time: A case-study of Tiffany Co's 'Iconic Marketing Formula' - Emarkable.ie. [online] Emarkable.ie. Available at: https://www.emarkable.ie/2016/12/transcending-time-a-case-study-of-tiffany-co-s-iconic-marketing-formula/ [Accessed 31 Oct. 2017]. Ismailova, K. (2017). Case Study Tiffany amp; Co. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/12150548/Case_Study_Tiffany_and_Co [Accessed 31 Oct. 2017].

My View On Life And Death Essays - Thanatopsis, Thou, Afterlife

My View On Life And Death My View On Life And Death Thanatopsis, a poem by William Cullen Bryant, tells about how when one dies the grave becomes an endless world, how the deceased become one with the earth, the trees, and everything that is great within the earth, and how when one dies they do not die alone. He uses strong words to describe the feelings and visions one sees when they are in their last hours and even after they have passed away. The author makes death seem like something that should not be feared and should almost be looked forward to. "When thoughts of the last bitter hour come like a blight over thy spirit, and sad images of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall, and breathless darkness, and the narrow house, make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart- Go forth, under the open sky, and list to Nature's teachings, while from all around- Earth and her waters, and the depths of air- comes a still voice"(Bryant 153). I think that Bryant is taking what can be considered the stereotype of what death and dying feels like and putting it in some very descriptive and strong words. He then goes on to show, from what I gather, how one should really feel when dying. I think the author's opinion of death is that it should be a happy and relaxing experience. He tries to show that when dying instead of feeling deep sorrow and pain you will become embraced by mother nature and her calmness and it will be a soothing experience rather than a painful and devastating experience. After reading this poem and seeing such strong descriptive words I can understand and almost invision how dying could be a pleasant experience, rather than going along with most of societies stereotypical ideas of how death really is. "Earth that nourished thee, shall claim thy growth, to be resolved to earth again, and, lost each human trace, surrendering up thine individual being, shalt thou go to mix forever with the elements, to be a brother to the insensible rock and to the sluggish clod, which the rude swain turns with his share, and treads upon"(Bryant 153). In saying this, the author is trying to say that when one has fully embraced death, instead of staying in a small grave in the ground, the deceased will become one with the earth. Even in showing how death is wonderful he uses such powerful, descriptive words. Becoming a part of the earth and befriending all the elements sounds like a dream come true the way he puts it. It almost seems as if this is how Bryant portrays heaven or the after life. This is another way of showing how death should be a pleasant, soothing experience. In my opinion, if how he describes this part of dying is really how it is, than I would totally back him up on his point that death should be a pleasant experience. I am undecided weather I should fear death or if I should look forward to it. "Yet not to thine eternal resting-place shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down with patriarchs of the infant world- with kings, the powerful of the earth- the wise, the good, fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past, all in one mighty sepulcher"(Bryant 153). In lines 31 through 37 of Thanatopsis, as quoted above, Bryant says that when a deceased one lays down into his or her eternal resting place they could never imagine such a wonderful place to lay down forever. He continues to say, as he does in the rest of the poem, that one's eternal resting place could never have been thought of as such a wonderful place that one could love so much. In a way he describes it to be a huge couch which when you lay down upon it you just melt in and never feel like getting up, by saying "nor couldst thou wish couch more magnificent". The way he describes the resting place sounds exactly like the stereotype that has also been formed of what heaven is like, a wonderful place where you sleep in the clouds and are joined with all of the people and things you love. In reading the poem and writing this response I have thought a lot about wether or not dying should be something to look forward to or to dread. When reading Bryant's

Cognitive Behavioral Approach

Introduction Mental health is quite important in defining the mental well being of a person. This is due to the fact that the mind and behavior are interconnected. Poor coordination or disconnection between the two renders a person in a state of abnormality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Behavioral Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, reality implies what the society has conceived to be acceptable and those who deviate from such standards or do not agree are considered to be abnormal (Plomba, 2010). This approach is psychologically referred to as cognitive behavioral approach. This reflective essay discusses cognitive behavioral approach and how it might be incorporated in a counselor’s work, with reference to several authentic references. Cognitive Therapy From a general perspective, cognitive process encompasses a wide range of a person’s mental health and composi tion. These elements include but not limited to mental images, attitudes, ideas and beliefs. This is to say that cognitive therapy is founded on the argument that some health complications in a person’s life could be attributed to his or her way of thinking. Such health problems may include phobias and depression among others. In this line of thought, it suffices to mention that therapists are usually charged with the responsibility of explaining the mental patterns of clients for their better understanding (Plomba, 2010). This is usually important in analyzing the safety, truthfulness and overall nature of one’s thoughts, since thoughts have the potential of causing health problems or worsening a mild and manageable health issue. The main aim of this approach is to allow a person to change his or her way of thinking by avoiding related imaginations and thoughts. It can further augment the ability of a person to adopt more realistic and productive thoughts. From this a nalogy, I believe that thoughts play a significant role in defining a person’s overall health status, even though mental health is more profound. In essence, thoughts create a link between stimuli that are commonly evoked in the human body. In other words, stimuli trigger various thoughts, which could be as a result of personal judgment concerning an issue, which in turn generates emotions at any given moment (Counseling Directory, 2012). Similarly, it is worth noting that under cognitive therapy, an emotional response is always triggered by the stimulus and individual judgment and perception over the stimulus. In addition, there are two assumptions, which emphasize the use cognitive therapy. The first is when the client in question has the mental capability of recognizing personal thoughts and the need of changing them.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second assumption, w hich is equally important, is that the reality may be distorted or misrepresented especially in cases where there are stimuli being elicited. This interference usually affects the accuracy of the reality. For instance, what a person perceives with regard to a given experience and expected emotions may result into him or her being rejected during a job interview. Consequently, one may feel that the outcome of such an interview could have been influenced by his or her fundamental incompetence (Counseling Directory, 2012). This may result into depression and discouragement from making similar advances and applications in future. On the other hand, if an applicant feels that he did not go through the interview because of the existence of a strong competition, these feelings may breed disappointment that does not have elements of discouragement. This may persuade such a person to reapply for other related jobs. Essentially, cognitive therapy affirms that psychological disturbance is caus ed by imaginations that are distorted, leading to the existence of stressful emotions. This theory is based on cases of mental depression, when people experience uncontrollable negative thoughts, when responding to a stimulus, which is expected to arouse positive thoughts (Mulhauser, 2012). This affirms the fact that distressed emotions may alter one’s response and even future reactions towards similar events in life. For example, a student who is being requested to remain silent in class to minimize noise may feel that whatever he or she is doing in class is wrong and irrelevant. Similarly, the same client may doubt positive statements put across, honoring his name and decide not to perform better in future. Additionally, one may feel that he was in a pathetic state when it is mentioned to him that he has registered exceptional improvement. Such thoughts are likely to evoke negative feelings of hopelessness and diminished self-esteem in the long-run. This may result into sta bilizing or worsening of an individual’s depression status. In handling such clients, I highly advise councilors to beware of the impact of the behavior of the client towards mental recovery and mental stability (Mulhauser, 2012). Cognitive therapy focuses on the interplay between behavior, thoughts and individual’s emotions with regard to existing external stimuli. Moreover, past experiences may be important in analyzing these cases, which could be essential in lowering stress among clients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Behavioral Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Behavioral Therapy This has become a common tool for councilors dealing with clients, experiencing behavior change of any nature, including but not limited to anxiety disorders, addictions and phobias. In the understanding of how this therapy functions, it is worth noting that it capitalizes on the fact that behavior can be learnt by a person or altered based on existing circumstances (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). Importantly, this approach principally assumes past and future events, which may have impact on a person’s behavior. In this line of thought, a councilor who adopts this approach puts into consideration the existing events alone. Several efforts have been made in understanding the concept of behavioral therapy. For instance, Ivan Pavlov is highly credited for his experiment that was carried out on dogs and their ability to change behavior depending of present events. In the research, it was found that the sound of a bell affected the behavior of dogs as they associated it with food (Dattilio Hanna, 2012). As a result, the dogs salivated even in the absence of food. Although this was the case, it was also noted that the intensity of the dogs salivating dropped remarkably as long as the bell sounded without the appearance of food. This observation denotes the relationship between conditioned response and conditioned stimulus, represented by salivating and the ringing of the bell respectively. Based on this approach, psychotherapists have always considered it when handling clients with phobias. It involves a gradual exposure of the client to the stimulus, which is responsible for the phobia. As a result, they are able to recondition the manner in which they respond towards the stimulus (Dattilio Hanna, 2012). On the other hand, B.F Skinner carried out a research whose main focus was on the relationship between reconditioning and rewards (Wright, 2004). The experiment allowed the automatic feeding of a rat with a dispenser, making it relate food to the noise made by the apparatus. Later on, a lever was raised after the rat had gotten used to the behavior. The purpose of the lever was to allow the food to be dispensed once the rat came into contact with it. Consequently, the rat regularly engaged the lever since it had gotten used to the noise. How the n can this technique be applied among human beings? I found out that the rat analogy can be used to help people who are faced with mental disorders in the society through the reinforcement of acceptable behavior or discouraging undesirable conduct among people (Wright, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Behavioral therapy is regarded as a very important tool in counseling since it aims at reversing harmful behavior to what is more acceptable in the society. It is vital to mention that there are several techniques, which are commonly applied when using behavioral therapy by psychologists (Sheldon, 2011). Nevertheless, a common approach is avoidance of situations that are likely to expose somebody to anxiety. As mentioned above, this is common in handling people who have phobias. Such avoidance may sometimes become too severe to affect a person’s daily life. Exposure therapy is commonly recommended in such cases where the avoidance is extreme. Under this, a person is introduced to more fearful scenarios gradually until they become familiar. During this period, the therapist is usually tasked with teaching the client how to manage anxiety and the ability to face situations, which are considered to be fearful (Corsini Wedding, 2011). A simple technique like breathing in has bee n found to work in some cases. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy From the analysis of the two therapies commonly applied in psychological counseling, I found out that human thoughts and behavior are crucial in describing the occurrence of anxiety. For example, cognitive therapy defines how our reactions are major contributing factors towards anxiety, while behavioral therapy denotes the behavior and reactions of a person when faced with circumstances, which are known to evoke anxiety (Sheldon, 2011). When the two therapies are combined to form a blend, the product is referred to as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, commonly abbreviated as CBT. According to research, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is one of most applied therapies by psychologists during counseling. Besides its wide-usage, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is regarded to be more effective as compared to other counseling tools used in handling disorders and phobias among countless conditions, which are related to one’s mental h ealth. Of importance is the fact that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy focuses on harmful patterns and disturbances, regarding the manner in which we perceive the world and ourselves in general. The basis of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is that our feelings are predominantly affected with our thoughts and not the events, which happen on a daily basis. Many psychologists agree that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy allows the application of a wider domain in helping anxious and distressed clients to attain normalcy in life (Sheldon, 2011). This combination is usually preferred because a person’s behavior reflects the mode of thinking towards situations or things in life. However, certain aspects of the two therapies in the mix may vary from one person to another depending on specific cases being handled. This is to say that a counselor ought to analyze the case first before making a final decision on either combining the two treatment options or adopting one of them. For instance, psyc hologists prefer using behavioral therapy when handling Obsessive Compulsive Disorder among clients. By combining cognitive and behavioral therapies, CBT usually aims at changing the thinking patterns of a person, which concern the cognitive part of the body and response to thoughts that determine behavior. Unlike other approaches used in handling mental cases, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy aims at the current situation, without bothering the cause of the existing issue (Sheldon, 2011). Additionally, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is known for its ability to break bulky problems into manageable portions that do not exert pressure on the client. This makes it easier for the client and the counselor to attain a point of consensus in finding a solution to an existing problem. In essence, these sections of the problem can be described as thoughts, actions and physical feelings. Importantly, each one of these elements has the ability to have impact on the other. For instance, a personâ€⠄¢s thoughts about something can have physical and emotional impact, which may ultimately alter his or her behavior (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Another factor to consider when analyzing the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is that most people tend to learn irrelevant modes of thinking and behaving throughout their lives. Nevertheless, the most important thing is to recognize such thoughts and how they could be a source of trouble in defining one’s behavior and feelings (Sheldon, 2011). Essentially, this can come into play when an individual is willing to counteract negative ways of thinking, thus leading to acceptable and helpful behavioral changes and feelings. Unlike other therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be administered on a one-to-one basis, with close family members, friends or a special group of the society, depending on whether the client is comfortable with the presence of these groups of people. Ehlers and Clark Model Like in many other discipline s, several scholars have spent their time and resources in unraveling the truth behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Among these people are Ehlers and Clark, whose work has become instrumental in the understanding of several mental situations, which affect humanity (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Ehlers and Clark suggested several modes of approaching this issue, in their 2004 and 2000 findings respectively. Importantly, the suggestions aim at helping psychologists in handling cases of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD. The three therapy goals suggested by the two psychologists are: lower intrusions and situations, which would make one to re-experience traumatic memory, modification of negative appraisals and removal of behavioral and cognitive strategies that are considered to be dysfunctional. The following segments of this essay discuss some of the elements covered by the treatment model proposed by Ehlers and Clark, which could be used by councilors in handling clients who have men tal complications (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). Detailed assessment interview The main purpose of this process is to allow the councilor to single out cognitive issues, which have to be dealt with during treatment. Under this, it is vital for the psychologist to identify worst aspects and most painful situations, with regard to the trauma, appreciate common emotions that are connected with the event and identify dysfunctional and problematic behavioral efforts of coping as demonstrated by the client. Rationale of treatment The most important aspect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which has to be emphasized by counselors, is the need to ensure that the client comprehends the logic behind the application of certain therapeutic approaches in handling a given situation. The rationale should therefore aim at explaining the nature of PTSD together with related symptoms. Secondly, the rationale has to show the client’s efforts in fighting the trauma. This may result into a sh ort-lived relief but can as well contribute to the management of symptoms, which may have been observed. For this to be achieved, it is equally important to confront unpleasant memories of the past. Suppression of thoughts This enables the client to appreciate the importance of preventing intrusive memories, by eliminating them from the conscious mind and increase their influence. As a result, the client is advised to adopt alternative methods and avoid pushing memories from the unconscious mind through acceptance. This should allow the client to make observations, which would allow it to come and go as if the patient was watching something else (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Education Ehlers and Clark affirmed that the role of information cannot be ignored in the understanding of how Cognitive Behavioral Therapy works. This information is important in helping the client to correct earlier assumptions towards the perceived physical impact of the trauma. Besides education, it is important for the psychologist to help the client in reclaiming his life. In this respect, the client is able to regain certain aspects of his or her life including leisure activities and pursuits (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). The reclamation is important because most people take a different course of life when faced with traumatic situations in life. I consider it to be a very important element because it helps the affected person to remain unchanged from the time he or she was affected by the trauma. Instead, the client gets an opportunity to reconnect with the past through social contacts and activities. Additionally, cognitive behavioral approaches recovery of PTSD clients may involve the revisiting of the trauma. This strategy is essential because it helps the client to acknowledge the significance of the strategy in the treatment process. In this approach, the client gets an opportunity to revisit the traumatic incident by recounting in a more vivid and detailed manner. Through t his process, the client develops a detailed account of what might have happened in the past and also connecting with certain feelings, which could be related with it (Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes Resko, 2011). In-vivo exposure This revolves around re-examining major reminders of the trauma, which may have previously been ignored during earlier efforts of coping with the trauma. This may therefore include a series of events like exposure to the site, sounds, activities, smells and other major reminders of the trauma (Corsini Wedding, 2011). Consequently, I believe that the process is necessary during counseling since it allows one to draw a line between harmless reminders of what has happened and the actual danger of the trauma. As a result, the client is able to confront patterns of overgeneralization, which have influenced the client to ignore certain elements that are related to the exact trauma. Identification of triggers of intrusive memories This procedure allows the client to differe ntiate past events, which might have occurred at the actual time of the trauma and present stimuli. During this process, the client should have a closer look at the context within which such intrusions are likely to occur and the triggers that are commonly associated with them. After this, a comparison between past and present context of the triggers is discussed broadly to allow better discrimination of stimulus (Corsini Wedding, 2011). The last approach suggested by Ehlers and Clark is the imagery technique. In this context, imagery is used to clarify and change the perceived meaning of the trauma memory. In essence, imagery has the potential of assisting the client to tie loose ends and enable the person to reconnect with the realistic nature of trauma. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For a counselor to effectively treat a patient using CBT, it is essential for him or her to understand the cause of the existing problem and its overall nature. This allows the selection of a mo re reliable strategy in finding the solution. Based on this, a professional psychologist is supposed to apply professional skills and knowledge in the formulation and evaluation of the issues, which surround a client’s conditions and establish a realistic treatment plan (Branch Wilson, 2010). It is therefore considered as primary modality in handling mentally disturbed people, together with other treatment strategies. As mentioned above, educational approach cannot be overlooked when finding the best treatment plan in helping a mentally disturbed person. This gives a practical and helpful sense of dealing with distressed clients. Many psychologists have adopted CBT as the most recommended approach when dealing with people who may have gone through such tough traumatic moments. Most clients are usually encouraged to embrace cognitive reorientation and change of behavior for effective and positive response towards the situation (Branch Wilson, 2010). Unlike other forms of ora l treatment, CBT focuses on behavior change and lessening the impact of observed symptoms. Additionally, practical counseling, characterized by information and coaching is paramount in ensuring that severe symptoms are relieved. In handling psychological cases, it is essential for the councilor to have a wider scope of solutions since some cases require one to think far beyond management of symptoms and behavior change. For instance, clients have to be assisted in overcoming feelings and behavior, which may arouse previous stressful moments. CBT not needed As much as cognitive behavioral therapy is highly credited for its role in managing psychological problems, there are issues, which are never handled effectively with this model of treatment. Such issues mainly present themselves in a manner that call for a solution that goes beyond addressing the existing symptoms. They may include complex disorders and higher order issues of development. In some cases, patients may fail to respo nd positively to CBT or may be put off by the entire technique (Whitfield Davidson, 2007). This may present a more complicated scenario where the counselor might be forced to consider alternative-stress management options. In this line of thought, it has also been found that clients may not agree with the fact that common psychological problems are caused by distorted emotions and irrational thoughts. Furthermore, others may have interest in discussing the issues with the counselor and not being taken through the CBT procedure. Existentialist /humanistic Therapies These theories were developed in mid 20th century. Some people refer to it as â€Å"third wave.† Humanist therapy is used to denote a certain class, which encompasses several therapies like client-centered therapy. It is generally based on a person’s hope and the capability of being self-determined. Like in other therapies applied by psychologists, humanistic counseling focuses on the present situation of a patient and the past, in order to find clarity of how history affects current events in a person’s life. Importantly, this approach does not allow judgmental conclusions, but rather uses open-ended questions, which are meant to allow the patient to have an inner examination of her thoughts and feelings. This method of counseling has been applauded for its ability to initiate self-awareness in people to allow them to move from a worse mental situation to that which is considered healthy. Despite its role in psychology, humanistic therapy was not chosen in this case because of its disadvantages, which are widely known. Firstly, this approach exposes counselors to the risk of contracting the problem if it is contagious. This is encouraged by the fact that the method allows closeness between patients and psychologists. Additionally, this therapy does not have empirical evidence, which is essential in treatment of patients. It can therefore promote narcissistic occurrences. Data c an also be used to understand trends manifested by the mental problem (Corsini Wedding, 2011). As a result of these challenges, Cognitive Behavioral therapy was chosen. Conclusion From this reflective analysis, it is evident that CBT plays a major role in helping people with emotional distortions and irrational thoughts about the world and themselves. However, for its effectiveness, there has to be communication between the counselor and the client in order to facilitate effective recovery. Through this communication, the client is allowed to appreciate the approach and techniques applied in attaining a healthy mental status. References Branch, R., Wilson, R. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Dummies. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. Corsini, R. J., Wedding, D. (2011). Current psychotherapies. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Counseling Directory. (2012). Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies. Counseling Directory. Web. Dattilio, F. M., Hanna, M. A. (2012). Collaboration in Cogniti ve-Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68 (2), 146-158. Gonzà ¡lez-Prendes, A., Resko, S. (2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Sage. Web. Mulhauser, G. (2012). An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Approaches. Counseling Resource. Web. Plomba. (2010). Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology. Slideshare. Web. Sheldon, B. (2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. Whitfield, G., Davidson, A. (2007). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Explained. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing. Wright, J. (2004). Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. This essay on Cognitive Behavioral Approach was written and submitted by user Zeke Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them What is eNotesreading

Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them What is reading When theyre not out trying to catch em all, the staff  are an elusive bunch. These fantastic enigmas dwell in the depths of Capitol Hill in the heart of Seattle, and spend their days click-click-clacking away behind bright Mac screens to decipher Shakespeare, answering your homework questions, and digging up  free money for students. In between celebrating  literary holidays and battling the feels, these majestic beings drink in the words of countless literary beasts, ruthlessly ravaging mountains  of text. Whether the fantastic beasts are the staff or the books theyre readingwell,  thats up to you. Want to see how you measure up? The staff have come forth for a limited time to give you a glimpse of the fascinating arrangements of the alphabet that theyve been consuming. In other words, here  are the books that the   staff is currently reading: Alex Bloomingdale, co-founder The  Harry Bosch novels by Michael Connelley Im reading the Harry Bosch novels by Michael Connelley. They are perfect summer beach reads, but also contain lots of interesting details related to modern policing, with an emphasis on the LAPD and its inner workings. While suspension of disbelief with some of the cases is required, others are straightforward police procedurals chock full of LAPD jargon and well-researched geographical and police tidbits that could be boring for some, but are riveting if youre a fan of this sub-genre of mystery. Nick Cloud, developer The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene Why doesnt the FBI prosecute Hillary? Why does Trump captivate so many voters? Why does your manager get the glory for your accomplishments? Because the Laws of Powerimmutable, emergent, and seated squarely in human natureare always in effect. Robert Greenes book, The 48 Laws of Power, draws on the stern  lessons of history to show us that reality isnt the romanticized wonderland sold to us in childhood, but rather a complex interleave of human strength and weakness, vice and virtue, wisdom and stupidity, that play off each other in the struggle to make reality as we know it conform to our wishes. The results are often brutal, humorous, and instructive, and we would do well to learn from the past, lest we relive its errors and find ourselves without options, without the power to gain the things we value most. Luiz Lopes, developer Liberalism  by  Ludwig von Mises A look at the theoretical and practical arguments for classical liberalism. In it, Mises compares classical liberalism with other systems of social organization. I am  reading this book because I would like to better understand different forms of social organization, specially because this is an election year. Os Cem Melhores Contos Brasileiros do Sà ©culo  by à talo Moriconi A collection of stories from the best known and unknown Brazilian writers of the 20th century. A book I purchased on my last trip to Brazil. I dont get to practice my Portuguese as much, so reading it helps me keep it on my mind. This book shows how much the language has changed in the last century. I particularly enjoy the stories by Machado de Assis, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Sà ©rgio SantAnna, and Jà ºlia Lopes de Almeida. Heather Satoris Daniel,  customer  service A Fine Imitation  by  Amber Brock What happens when the life we  have always lived is not the one we want to have? Set in Manhattan in the 1920s,  A Fine Imitation  captures privileged socialite Vera Bellingtons desire for something more than the comfortable and predictable life shes always led. Falling head over heels for a painter, Vera must choose between familiarity and spontaneity. Allie Draper,  assistant editor How to Be a Victorian: A Dawn-to-Dusk Guide to Victorian Life  by  Ruth Goodman Have you ever looked at pictures and illustrations from the Victorian era and wondered what it would have been like to wear a hoop skirt and a corset? Or how you would have made it to work even close to on time without an alarm clock or a cell phone? Ruth Goodman presents a day in the life of a Victorian, chronicling (often from experience gleaned from personal experiments) the probable trials and tribulations you would have encountered in the Victorian era, whether you were a farmer, a fop, a laundress, or a lady- or anything in between. (Answers: 1. Disturbing, since your abdominal muscles would be atrophying and causing you lower-back pain. 2. You would pay a guy with a pocket watch to come tap on your window with a really long stick.) Wes Matlock, curriculum  editor Fierce Invalids  Home From Hot Climates  by  Tom Robbins Ive just finished reading Tom Robbinss Fierce Invalids Home From Hot Climates. This wonderful, ridiculous story follows the exploits of (ex-)CIA operative Switters, a self-proclaimed study in contradictions, as he deals with a shamans curse and a nuns prophecy. Full of wild and witty language, Fierce Invalids Home From Hot Climates  also explores more serious ideas related to lifes Big Questions and what it means to live consciously, all while romping across four continents full of comedic shenanigans. I definitely recommend this book for anyone who likes irreverent humor and unconventional storytelling. Samantha Burton,  Marketing Manager The Book Thief  by  Markus Zusak I missed the excitement over this book when it first came out, and again when the movie was released in 2013- so I know Im pretty late in reading and recommending this book (and its been done on our blog before). But its so good and, to me, totally holds up to the hype. The main reason I like this story is that the entire book is narrated by Death, who puts the story  into his own words- which are strung together with alliteration and colorful descriptions- along with the help of the Book Thiefs diary. Its a beautifully somber  story focusing on the strength, quirks, and humanity of certain notable characters- like a boxing jew, an accordion-playing painter, and a little girl who treasures books. I personally love a good audiobook (which can be rare), and the narrator Allan Corduner is amazing and Zusaks writing is wonderful listening. Its been like having Death himself reading to me I highly recommend it! Kat Draney, intern Jurassic Park  by  Michael Crichton Im currently reading Jurassic Park  by Michael Crichton. As a big sci-fi fan, I was very excited to get my hands on this novel. Since the Jurassic Park movie series is one of my favorites, I held high expectations; so far, I have not been disappointed. As most movie adaptations go, the book is by far the better choice. The beginning of the novel has incredible backstory woven with research and modern references that give the descriptions a sense of credibility. Crichtons writing style is both appealing and provoking. I have trouble setting the book down. In fact, during a particularly gruesome dinosaur scene, I was so captivated that I kept on reading while sitting in a moving car (which normally makes me carsick). I seldom discover novels that have foreshadowing that is as effective as Crichtons Jurassic Park, and the moments of reveal are truly breathtaking and horrifying. I predicted that the novel would be yet another cliched and predictable horror extravaganza, but it has blow n my speculations out of the water. I would highly recommend that you read this book if you enjoyed the movie, or if you have an interest in dinosaurs or science fiction. Jules Cordry, intern Radiance: A Novel  by  Catherynne M. Valente Im halfway through Radiance, the new novel by one of my favorite sci fi and fantasy writers, Catherynne M. Valente. Its an incredibly imaginative, witty, delightful, and rather terrifying romp through a version of the solar system in which humans started colonizing other planets in the Victorian Era, and movies are made on the Moon. The story revolves around Severin Unck, a famous female director who mysteriously disappeared while shooting a documentary on Venus. Told in fragments from fictional film scripts, interviews, gossip columns, and hardboiled detective narratives (among others), Ive found Radiance to be the kind of book thats best read at four in the morning with a cup of strong tea. Nick Teal, intern The 5 Love Languages Singles Edition  by Gary D. Chapman I am currently reading The 5 Love Languages Singles  Edition  by Gary D. Chapman. This book is based off the popular 5 Love Languages but it is directed towards single people. This book covers the five  Love Languages and gives examples of displaying them while in dating scenarios. There are also chapters focused on how to interact with single parents, friends, co workers, widows, etc. It is an interesting read. I have learned a lot about myself, and why it is tough to love me. I hope to make strides towards becoming less single once I finish this book and apply its knowledge. Please love me. Please. Anthony Pepe, intern Of Wolves and Men  by  Barry Lopez Discover the complex history that America has had with one of the most revered animals of the wild. Bringing them to near extinction over fears from ranchers, the ethically questionable sport of aerial wolf gunning (chasing and shooting down wolves with helicopters), and the loss of habitat. Now wolves are starting to come back into the states and restarting the debate on wolf population control. Barry Lopezs book goes through the entire history of wolf control in America and asks the question, Do wolves really need to be managed? Of Wolves and Men provides facts and research to suggest wolves may not be the fearsome monsters that stalk the wilderness and attack sheep in the night after all, but just want to be left alone and want to leave humans alone. Marisa Iliakis, intern Shades of Grey  by  Jasper Fforde Im reading this book called Shades of Grey by Jasper Fforde (no relation to the 50 Shades). Its about this sort of odd dystopian world where peoples social status is defined by the color that they can perceive best. For instance, if you can see purple, youre very high ranking while if you see grey, youre basically a peasant. The main character is named Eddie Russet (he can see red, hence the last name), and he wants to get ahead in life but is sort of hapless. The book has the best dry British humor, and it takes a while to really understand what is going on because it can be a bit surreal. I mean, for some reason its illegal to manufacture spoons in this world and no one really explains why. Its a really fun book though, and I would highly recommend it! Mara Childs, intern Ready Player One  by  Ernest Cline I’m currently reading Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. Set in the year 2044, it follows teenaged Wade Watts in his journey to find a video game easter egg. Hidden in the depths of this massive online virtual reality game OASIS is this secret thing that grants its finder the entire multi-billion dollar fortune left by the recently deceased OASIS creator. Enthralling and quirky, there’s something fantastic and familiar about Wade’s adventure that allows me to get lost in it. The beginning starts with a substantial backstory about the general state of the world and how this massive hunt for the easter egg came to be. While it might seem that this book is geared towards people who are avid gamers and fans of lore, it can easily suit a wide audience. It’s a dystopian novel that deals with different personal valuations of life and material objects, as well as personal relationships. I’d recommend this for people who enjoy Harry Potter, The Hunger Games, and other quests/adventures. I would also recommend listening to the audiobook read by Wil Wheaton! Caroline Engle, intern Catch-22  by  Joseph Heller Right now, Im reading Catch-22.Its one of those books I always thought I would end up reading for school, but never did, so now Im reading it in part to understand why its so famous. So far, I love how funny and satirical it is. Some books are unintentionally ridiculous, so its nice to read one that knows how outlandish its characters are. Eleanor, obligatory canine happiness ambassador Bacon  by  Bacon Woof.

International business in focus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International business in focus - Essay Example Section B: Identification of the Challenges Pestle Analysis Pestle Analysis will help in understanding the macro environmental issues (Lorat, 2009) Political The road tax has directly been linked to the total amount of emission and MOT (Merchant Over Time) has been increased. The Government has held a meeting with the automobile sector to decide about the rules and regulations related to this industry. Economic Presently the global recession has resulted in the financial crisis and has decreased the consumer purchasing power all over the world. Due to this crisis, Mercedes and various other car manufacturers are finding it difficult in increasing the revenue and profit of the companies. It has even resulted in the closure of plants by many automobile manufacturers. In this global crisis, the exchange rate between Euro and pound has resulted in high price of the cars in United Kingdom. This has decreased the sales of the company even more. Social The social environment can mainly be c ategorized into the following categories: a) Age, b) Gender, c) Income. Mercedes products have been mainly targeted for the middle aged customers. The products are not popular to that extent among the youngsters because of high price of the cars. The overall high expenditure related to the Mercedes products is the reason behind targeting the middle and high income people. As the products do not offer different range of prices starting from high price to low price for covering all classes of the society, the products do not target low income consumers. In the present situation of economic recession, this strategy is creating various challenges for the company. Technological Mercedes adds advanced technological details like air bags, shatter proof windscreens, crumple zones, collapsible steering columns etc. Use of these technologies has allowed the company in manufacturing safer cars. The plant efficiency is increasing with time. Various new production methods have been introduced fo r improving the efficiency. The facility of e-commerce and Gizmos has helped in upgrading the technology advancement. Environmental The European Union has planned to bring a new legislation which states that the average carbon dioxide emitted from the European cars must not exceed 130 g/km by the year 2015. This might be a reason of increasing concern for the company. Legal The company has maintained good relationship with the government by following the legal framework of the country. The imposition of higher tax might increase the threat of the company. Porter’s Five Forces The industry analysis of Mercedes Benz will help in understand the competitive intensity in the automobile industry (Porter, 1980; 1985; Ahlstorm and Bruton, 2009) 1) Rivalry among the existing firms The rivalry among the companies in the market where Mercedes is operating is intense. The big competitors of Mercedes Benz are BMW, AUDI, JAGUAR, ALFA ROMEO, ASTON MARTIN. Thus all big players provide their best offerings to the customers to seek their attraction. The increased rivalry has resulted in all these firms producing similar types of products, and expanding their operations into other segments like offering financial services, various alcoholic products etc. Thus the rivalry from the existing firms is very high. 2) Threat of new entrants Presently the threat of new entrants is low in the market segment where Mercedes Benz is performing its business operations. This might be because of the

Political Economy of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Economy of the European Union - Essay Example It has build up a role inforeign policy, and represents its members in theWorld Trade Organization, atG8summits and at theUnited Nations. Twenty-one EU nations are part ofNATO. It has also taken up a responsibility in justice and home affairs, which includes the elimination of passport control between many member nations under theSchengen Agreement. (Alan, 2007) The EU functions through a hybrid mechanism ofintergovernmentalismandsupranationalism. In particular areas it relies on agreement among the member states. However, it also possesses supranational bodies, thus is competent to make judgments without agreement between each and every national governments. Among the prominent institutions and bodies of the EU are theEuropean Commission, theEuropean Parliament, theCouncil of the European Union, theEuropean Council, theEuropean Court of Justice,and theEuropean Central Bank. In every five years, the Parliament is elected by the EU citizens. Origins of the EU go back to the formation of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community,formed among six countries in 1951 and theTreaty of Romein 1957. Thereafter the EU has expanded in size via accession of new associate states, and in authority by adding new policy areas to its remit. (Richard, 2006) Subsequent to theSecond World War, efforts made towards European integration were viewed as a get away approach from the intense forms of nationalism, which had ravaged the continent.Theformation of the European Coal and Steel Community was among one such attempt to bring together Europeans. While having the unassuming aim of federal control of the formerly national coal and steel industries of its member nations, it was stated to be "a first step in the federation of Europe".The founding members of the Community wereBelgium,France,Italy,Luxembourg, theNetherlandsandWest Germany. Thereafter the history of Europe saw the establishment of European Economic Community(EEC) ascertaining acustoms unionand theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) for cooperation in developingnuclear energy. In 1967, the Merger Treaty provided for the amalgamation of these communities collectively referred to as European Communities, which popularly were termed as European Community. (Ben, 2000) In 1973 incorporation of Denmark,Irelandand theUnited Kingdom enlarged the communities. In 1979, thefirst autonomous electionsto the European Parliament were held. The 80s saw the incorporation of Greece,SpainandPortugal. In 1990, the previousEast Germanyembodied the Community under newly united Germany. The European Union was officially instituted when theMaastricht Treatywas enacted upon on 1 November 1993. Presently, the European Union comprises 27independentsovereignnationsknown as member states: Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus, theCzech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta, theNetherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden, and theUnited Kingdom. (Alan, 2007) The EU is habitually portrayed as being separated into three divisions of responsibility, calledpillars. The original European Community principles form the first pillar, while the second beingCommon

A report reflecting on the skills and career Essay

A report reflecting on the skills and career - Essay Example In fact, it seems that my academic skills, as developed during my studies in the past, have been adequate for helping me to respond to the needs of daily life but could not help me to face the demands of professional environment. The educational institute I’ve chosen uses learning practices that help learners to become efficient not only in regard to academic tasks but also to tasks related to the workplace. Also, the assignments delegated to learners, as individuals or as groups, are structured in such way so that decision making and initiatives, by the learners’ side, are encouraged. In the Personal Development Programme, which is part of the Course I’ve chosen, students have the chance to monitor their progress in regard to their academic and career-related skills. This report has been prepared for showing my progress as of the skills mentioned above. Literature has been employed, along with my experiences in the class, in order to show the level at which the Course has helped me to improve my performance both as a learner and as a future employee in a managerial role. When referring to academic skills reference is made to specific aspects of a person’s capabilities. Three seem to be the most important academic skills in educational institutes of all levels: ‘reading, writing and mathematics’ (Oakland and Harrison 2011, p.94). My personal status, in regard to these skills, is analyzed below using appropriate literature. In general, reading is considered as one of the most critical academic skills. Indeed, it is not possible for a learner to respond to the needs of his learning programme without achieving a continuous improvement of his reading skills. As noted in the study of Downing (2013) each learner has to monitor his progress in regard to his reading skills; such task can be developed through a schedule customized accordingly. Personally, I have not employed such schedule during my studies. However, I have tried to identify

The Rhetoric And Introductory Research Writing Philosophy Essay

The Rhetoric And Introductory Research Writing Philosophy Essay Most people believe the vision system exists solely in the eyes. In reality, the eyes make up only a small part of the system. For instance, just as the camera is a small item in a large TV station, the eyes play a small part in vision. Like a camera, all the eye does is deliver a bunch of colored dots. It is in the brain that the real work of seeing begins. So, what do we actually see? And, what is it that our eyes dont see? Through the variations of darkness, there is light; but, what does that mean to the person who struggles with a mental illness? A contributing factor to this paper will be the relationship between; the blind eye, the minds eye, the third eye; as well as the conscious and unconscious phenomena of the mind. The analyses that will be used in this paper will be based on the views of well-known authors. All of these sources are highly reliable and are thoroughly described in this research. Martha Stout Mental Illness Oliver Sacks Blindness Robert Thurman/Karen Armstrong Religious Beliefs Thais Campos Consciousness I want to know why the mental processes, ranging from the supreme clarity of consciousness at moments of creative inspiration, through the dimness of the half-sleeping mind; to the complete darkness of the unconscious, accounts for a large part of man mental life. On the other hand, we have the term consciousness what does this mean, and how do we describe this level of the mind? Why, is it so important for us to find an answer? We know that consciousness, is considered the highest form of mental activity, and is seen only in human beings. However, it does not exist in the newborn child, in certain categories of the mentally ill, in people who are asleep or in a coma. For philosophy, the main question is the relationship of consciousness to being, and the existence of the different levels of consciousness that remains a target for research by many sciences. I step back and wonder how the mind finds its way through the many varieties of mental illnesses; and, how observing the conscio usness will easily relinquish this information that will help us to understand, where and how far do we travel when we blank out. Introduction I have spent most of my life in a daydream state of consciousness and un-consciousness. I know that others notice that I have a tendency to be distracted, but they have no idea that usually I am gone even when I seem to be paying attention. I wander off for brief moments, and when I come back I have to grasp quickly what was said before I forget it, then I wander off again. This goes unnoticed because even though I am gone, whatever was said during the previous second or two, is still there for me to grab when I return. It is almost impossible for me to pay attention when somebody is telling me something that does not interest me. In that case, I go away and think about things unrelated to what is being said. I am gone into a never land inside my mind and I just come back regularly to check and see that everything is going well outside, that is, that I dont get caught in the act of not paying attention to what is being said. I do not do this on purpose. I cannot avoid doing it, and m ost of the times I do not even realize that I am doing it. When I am alone, for instance, when I am working on a writing topic of some sort, I am gone all of the time. I may think what I am going to write about when I get to the computer, and I might get some pretty good ideas, but it is useless, since by the time I get to the computer, I will have forgotten everything that I decided to write about, or forget in mid-sentence where exactly I was going with this idea pertaining to the topic of research. Lately, I have been taking a legal pad with me everywhere to write down my ideas. I also speculate a lot about what is going to happen in the future. I even talk with people in my mind, not only what I will say but also what they will reply. But of course, in real life it never turns out to be like I anticipated. I have tried several times not to go away. I can prevent it only for a very short period of time. It is as hard as trying to stay with our minds blank, that is, without thinki ng about anything. You can do it, but you have to concentrate not to think, and as soon as you lower your guard, you are doing it again. I have been diagnosed with Bipolar Depression, and I am not sure which is worse; the illness itself, or the medication that I use to help manage this illness. Martha Stout: Mental Illness Martha Stout(2002) specializes in treating patients who have suffered psychological trauma; Stout uses her case studies to show that the ability to dissociate from reality, which functions as a life preserving defense mechanism during times of stress in childhood, can develop multiple personalities in order to contend with life many demands(p. 380). Dissociation also accompanies depressive disorders as well some of the medications that treat these disorders, will render the persons mind registering actual events in a daydream state without remembering what just took place. Most of us have days when we dont feel like ourselves. Some of us have moments, sometimes more than moments, when we feel disconnected from our surroundings, our actions, ourselves. The best example that I can give here is: Driving to the doctors office, with no recollection of the drive from home. The summary that is given about the essay, When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday by Martha Stout, says that th e term divided consciousness refers to those times when we withdraw mentally from the world around us. Daydreams and other forms of subjective escape often help us to keep our mental balance by shutting out events when they threaten to be overwhelming. The article Chaos, Brain and Divided Consciousness by author Petra Bob (2007), gives insight to how the mind works. Chaos and self-organization seem to be particularly important for research of some fundamental problems regarding mind-brain relationship. Relevant problems among others are formations of memories during alterations of mental states and nature of a barrier that divides mental states, and leads to the process called dissociation. This process is related to a formation of groups of neurons which often synchronize their firing patterns in a unique spatial manner (P., 2007). Oliver Sachs Blindness In the Minds Eye: What the Blind See by Oliver Sacks (2003), he is quoted as saying For those who lose sight so early, the very concepts of sight or blindness soon cease to have meaning, and there is no sense of losing the world of vision, only of living fully in a world constructed by the other senses (p. 305). We are presented with a brief view of Oliver Sacks. Before even contemplating writing a book on being blind, he felt it was necessary to write about the mentally ill, in ways that foreground the humanity of those who are suffering from diseases that generate all manner of strange behaviors (Sacks, 2003, p. 302). This summary of In the Minds Eye, makes one wary of how scarily fragile the brain is. To what extent are we; our experiences, our reactions, shaped, predetermine, by our brains, and to what extent do we shape our own brains? Does the mind run the brain or the brain the mind? p. 303. In The Minds Eye, Oliver Sacks explores the relationship between vision, recognition, and perception, and the amazing ways that the brain and spirit can adapt to disorders of vision. He gives case studies of persons who have lost their sight and have learned new ways to accommodate their seeing with other senses and the powerful possibilities of the human brain and mind. It is through his own experience with a cancerous tumor behind his right eye followed by blindness that he writes what is physically happening and shares his inner thoughts and the full range of his emotional reaction. We are all close to the brink of being someone else. For instance, a person who has had a mind-shattering stroke or head injury, one of many possible complications can arise from this stroke: There is death, paralysis, loss of memory, or you have become blind. Consider this, your thoughts, memories and emotions, your perceptions of the world, and your deepest intuitions of selfhood, are gone. We take o ur fragile brains so much for granted. Ultimately, Sacks tries to show the progress made in the knowledge of what centers of the brain are responsible for vision and its interpretations, but still lacks the knowledge of how things really work inside our heads. We all depend on our power senses sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Each one serves a particular purpose and when we end up losing one of these senses, we become forced to replace that sense in order to elevate. So when an individual is physically blind they devise ways to adapt to their surroundings. Now when a person is mentally blind, they allow other people of authority around them to construct ways for them to live because they do not see the importance in self. They trust everyone else before themselves. Needless to say, lose no time searching for a way to find your true self. It goes beyond knowing what your favorite food is or favorite color, but really getting to the essence of what you are about, therefore no none else can define you by making you blind to yourself and more importantly no one can trick you. Robert Thurman, Karen Armstrong Religion Spirituality is based on the experience of one persons awareness, one cultures awareness, and where life itself experiences universality. Awareness, what does this term really mean? According to the Webster dictionary; aware or awareness is defined as, conscious (of), informed; cognizant. In order to understand spirituality, we need to be consciously aware of the peace, and cognizant of the enlightenment that lies within this peace. Have you ever found yourself looking at the sun shining through the white fluffy clouds in the sky and wonder if there is something more hiding behind them, something of a more spiritual nature? For example, is there really a heaven, and what about hell? In this moment of being immersed in the daydream state of consciousness, are we on the path to awareness? Could enlightenment feel like this? For one un-noticed minute, we have become part of the peace, and it is afterward, when we realize that we are just a paint stroke that is part of the masterpiece of life. We have become one glittery particle that connects to an infinite number of other glittery particles that make up the divine space, which is nothingness. To know this nothingness, is to know what awareness means. Yet, to experience this spirituality we need to become in tuned with our inner voice, our minds eye, our core consciousness known as our soul However, this kind of understanding goes well beyond what our mind, intellect, and ego can fathom. In religious traditions this core consciousness is part of a more universal domain of consciousness referred to as God. Even a partial glimpse of this level of awareness, a person can experience joy, insight, and intuition: an awakening of love, and compassion. People in all cultures discovered that by pushing their reasoning powers to the limit, and by living as selflessly and compassionately as possible, they will that enables them to affirm such suffering with serenity and courage. In Karen Armstrongs essay Homo religious, and Robert Thurmans essay Wisdom, they explain their meaning of Nothingness, awareness, and enlightenment through religion, the self, the universe, and knowledge. It is through years of studying and learning, that both of these authors articulate their views/beliefs on the consciousness; the sacred energy and show just how similar their beliefs are to one another. Self When people believe in something with every fiber of their being, they make sacrifices and live their lives in ways that others on the outside looking in may not understand. Sometimes we need to step out of our comfort zones and do something that we normally would not do to find what is right for ourselves. Stepping out ekstasis is a term used in Homo Religiosus, written by Karen Armstrong (p. 27). She writes of a universal principle of most religions, that implies, the only way to truly connect with the sacred energy of the universe is to let go of ones self totally and to put aside preoccupation with promoting ones own ego and selfishness. However, when a person becomes selfless, that person is then open to what can truly be obtained by doing away with personalities, egos, and other obstacles that tend to limit one from true release; The Greeks referred to this process as kenosis or emptying (page 34). In the excerpt Wisdom taken from the book Infinite Life (2009), Robert Thurman describes the meaning of selflessness in relation to the Buddhist beliefs. Thurman (2009) writes, Selflessness does imply that any one person is considered nobody. To find true selflessness we must let go of self-preoccupation and self- centeredness (Page 464). It is by letting go that the self can find true enlightenment. Similarly, Thurman writes that the Buddha was happy not knowing who he was because this selflessness made him more compassionate toward others. (Page 463) To know true selflessness and enlightenment we must remove the I from our existence. Thurman (2009) goes on to say; that when we find true selflessness we discover a true connection between ourselves and others. In addition, we see everyone as equal to ourselves but at the same time different in their own ways (Page 473). Universe Karen Armstrongs view is that, religion has always been a matter of doing rather than thinking. People were able to become more creative and draw on their inner self. Yet, it is through the experience of nothingness that we discover the depths of ones own being (p.36). Armstrong expresses the central concern of the self and its connections to the universe as a whole. Energy starts as a consciousness, a self-awareness that nearly every religion in the world experiences, and every scientific theory and or conclusion have based their beliefs on. Self-emptying connects the individual core within our mind and soul with the sacred energy of the universe. This is when our senses are no longer our main focus, freeing us and also brings us closer to our soul and our deep thoughts. Nothingness puts creativity into peoples minds, because the presence of nothing means that there are no wrong ideas or beliefs. One of the ways that self-emptying connects the individual with the sacred energy of th e universe can be explored, possible through the energy of deep meditation. Armstrong (2009) remarks that, You had to acquire the knack of thinking outside the ordinary (p. 35). Thinking outside the ordinary is to prepare us for the nothingness, when through our spiritual purification; we will find the reason for our being, and our purpose. On the other hand, Robert Thurman, author of Wisdom shares his knowledge on the Buddhist tradition, and explains what he has learned throughout the teachings by the Buddha. It is with words such as: Selflessness, and Enlightenment, that we learn why this tradition is important to so many. What exactly is Enlightenment? And how does it differ from salvation? According to Thurman (2009), enlightenment means to look deeper into yourself, to find out what youre existence means to life, finding the greatest answer, the moment that will finally free us from the unhappiness that one feels from everything negative in life, which keeps us a prisoner within our conscious mind and soul. Reaching enlightenment means to finally experience the quiet and oh so calming sense of peace: Being in the zone. Religion Armstrong suggests that through the history of past civilizations, religious beliefs have always been and still is the link that connects us all. Whether spoken through different tongues or through art, the message is the same: religious discourse should not attempt to impart clear information about the divine, and should help us appreciate the limits of language and understanding (Armstrong, 2009, p. 38). However, it is the proof in religion throughout humanity that not only feeds our beliefs, but provides the essence of knowing that there is another dimension that could ultimately prove that there is a Supreme Being. By exploring the basis of religion in human culture, Armstrong suggests that from ancient times to modern culture mankinds beliefs have changed and evolved. Humans have gone from believing in many gods that govern our world to a belief in one superior being who created and controls all things. Armstrong also points out that by believing in a Supreme Being one loses the ability to understand the all-encompassing, wholly transcendent reality around them (Pg. 38). This being is not one that is in the form of man, but instead encompassed all of what man could see, knowing that life was continual yet, more importantly, it was what he could not see. It simply was a matter of knowing that something bigger than man, in fact, does exist. It is through the studies of Buddhism that Robert Thurman relates his experience in his essay, Wisdom. Thurman speaks of his journey into enlightenment, selflessness, the Buddha, and nirvana. He explains that enlightenment is different from salvation as salvation delivers us from harm, strife, and struggle. On the other hand, enlightenment is realizing selflessness. Selflessness is the awareness that you are now more perceptive; aware, that you have opened up your wisdom, and youve realized that knowing who you are is the trap, an impossible self-objectification (p.462). In contrast, this fascination with wanting to know thyself or self-knowledge is actually a fundamental misunderstanding, a delusion, this revelation is what became a defining moment for the Buddha, thus is at the core of the philosophy of Buddhism (p 466). The Buddha called his failure to know who he was enlightenment. that selflessness kindles the sacred fire of compassion; the inner self is now energized with compa ssion and the infinite life becomes your ongoing work of art (p.463). This could mean, that helping others will become an art form, that will continue to blossom in various ways. It is through unselfish acts of love and kindness shown to all forms of life, that we feel happiness: enlightenment. In Buddhism, the main focus is the mind. Enlightenment consists in realizing that Buddha-nature exists in everything and everyone (Lieberman). Buddhism leads you beyond your bodys (awareness), senses, breath, conscious mind, unconscious mind (nothingness) and then to the center of consciousness known as the soul within you, the main source of light and life within you. Knowledge The meaning of religion has never really been understood. Religious truth has always been symbolic and its symbols will vary according to context; they will change as society changes, and understanding the reason for these changes. In order to learn the meaning of religion and what mysteries it has to offer; many cultures present their beliefs through forms of art, music, or poetry which is transformative (Nielson, 2011). Karen Armstrong elaborates in great length and detail in her essay, Homo Religiosus, that some of these places were in deep caves that had writings on the walls. For many cultures, keeping religion sacred was to keep religious beliefs secret and holy by hiding them in the catacombs and bowels of the earth. Karen Armstrong shares her knowledge of such art by sharing her experiences in the deep caves in the Lascaux labyrinth, she comments that there are about six hundred fresco and fifteen hundred engravings there (p.22). Art, such as these paintings on the walls of c aves that date back thousands of years ago, have left mankind consistently asking the same ageless questions: Is there a god?; Why are we here? What is our purpose? And is there, life after life? People have come to realize that beyond the obvious for clues about the meanings and secrets contained in various art forms, religion is still mans creation. Yet, the quest for spirituality is the eternal search for a supreme being, the divine and the connection that binds all living beings. Armstrong sees religion as an expression of art. Still, with some of us, we can have an out of the body experience, in the conscious sense experience and never consider that this would be a privilege, the unknown or the self-emptiness revealing itself. Armstrong states that people become more alive and creative through experiencing nothingness, because it is comparable to a rebirth or rejuvenation of ones entire being-both spirit and body (p.27). Life is all around, as is creativity. Armstrong goes on to say that nothingness, is the moment when ones conscious mind and body becomes the sacred energy that holds the breath of life that explains everything you had questions about. Yet, many times to experience this nothingness; a person needs to experience a tragedy, the death of a loved one, or face death themselves. In order to feel and understand the meaning of which we are, what is; and accept that there is nothing more, we need to experience nothingness, and understand enlightenment . Selflessness is to understand that you do not know your inner self. the conscious thought that defines your spirit. Whereas, know thy self, defines the outside shell, your persona. This then will lead to discovering selflessness, which is the way to enlightenment. IV. Consciousness The self plays an important role on the Path of Consciousness because it is through the self and its many different aspects that we are aware of our emotional, energetic and vibrational reality. Through awareness of the material self, our third dimensional, human self-aspect, we are aware of our disconnection, fear and alone-ness in a vast Universe that we cannot control. But that is an illusion which lacks the element for transformation, enlightenment. To become conscious within our highest self-aspects we can enlighten the self, reminding us of our divinity and joining our human self into our spiritual self. Yet, when we consider the many different aspects of the self, all of which can be expressed as different levels of consciousness, we can choose what we will be aware of and can then apply enlightenment to those areas. Our reality unfolds according to the self-aspect we choose to express. To create a different reality, we have to enlighten this self-aspect and raise its energy. How much enlightenment is required? It depends on which self-aspect we choose our intention for enlightenment and the desired outcome for our post-enlightenment awareness. Our intention for joy, peace and abundance will guide us to the level of enlightenment required to achieve those things. As we choose our path, our self-consciousness can express the highest, most powerful aspects of who we are and our enlightened being will manifest the heaven on earth that can be our path of consciousness. The Symbolic Meaning of the Lotus Flower Lotus Flower grows in the deep mud, far away from the sun. But, sooner or later, the Lotus reaches the light becoming the most beautiful flower ever. The Lotus flower is in many different cultures, especially in eastern religions, as a symbol of purity, enlightenment, self-regeneration and rebirth. Its characteristics are a perfect analogy for the human condition: even when its roots are in the dirtiest waters, the Lotus produces the beautiful flower (Campos, 2010). According to Buddhism, every person has the potential to become perfect and enlightened, and it is just a matter of time until each human reaches the light. Buddhists that its necessary to be reborn thousands of times, polishing ones being through many incarnations, until one reaches nirvana the highest state of consciousness that humans can access (Campos, 2010). What Is Consciousness? Consciousness is a state of being in the sense that without it, we would not be nor exist nor have such faculties that allow us to make choices. Consciousness is our existence, our awakened moment. It is the reality between our now and the present. It gives us the awareness of being alive in the present. The science of the mind (religious and spiritual science) is where we look at the mind as an energy form. Conclusion So, where is the mind? This is a question that still mystifies scientists and philosophers. It seems to be widely accepted in some camps that the mind exists as an external realty to our physical form under its own consciousness, yet it remains a part of who we are. Where it exists, no one knows. Yet, it is claimed to be part of the divine essence of universal consciousness. It is the higher self and the real you.

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Essay -- Biology Medica

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Abstract Gene therapy treats and prevents a disease by introducing a vector of genetic material into certain cells to alter the function or ability of a gene. The promise of gene therapy as a cure for diabetes has been considered ever since this new technology emerged into the clinical and research sphere. Although such methods have yet to undergo human clinical tests, gene therapy holds much potential to bring a radical new way of treating autoimmune diseases such as diabetes. By targeting certain genes that control the insulin and ?-cell production in the pancreas, gene therapy will someday fulfill its potential to cure the disease that is the number one cause of heart disease in the United States. This paper will explore the potential protocols and products that can be used to treat Type I Diabetes. Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that has affected more than 140 million people in the world. This disease, results from the attack of the killer T-cells of the immune system upon the ?-cells in the pancreas that produces insulin. (Lin et al., 2001). Until recently, this disease could only be treated with daily insulin injections and adherence to a strict, low glucose diet. With more than ninety percent of diabetics at risk for future complications like heart disease, blindness, and renal failure, diabetes has developed into more than just a medical issue. Diabetes is also becoming largely an emotional and economic issue. Victims of this disease have no choice but to adjust their lives around the only object that could change their lives?a daily injection that may cost 50% of the annual income in developing countries and up to 600% in non-developed countries. New technology th... ...ne Therapy, (10), 875-889. Grey, S.T., et al. (1999). Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the anti-apoptotic protein A20 in rodent islets inhibits IL-1ï ¿ ½-induced NO release. Transplantation Proceedings, (31),789. Lin, Andrew, Cathy Huang, and Kendrick Ong. (2001). Type I AutoImmune Diabetes. Diabetes & Gene Therapy. July 21, 2005: http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm2001/J01T0301B/index.html Nitta, Y., et al. (1998). Systemic Delivery of Interleukin 10 by Intramuscular Injection of Expression Plasmid DNA Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Human Gene Therapy, (9), 1701-1707. Rudolph, Frederick B., et al. (1996). Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry P. Thule, P.M. and Liu, J.M. (2000). Regulated hepatic insulin gene therapy of STZ-diabetic rats. Gene Therapy 7: 1744-1752.

Mediation †Foundations

The organization NAFAAS – is an acronym for the National Association of Fine and Applied Arts Students. It is a body that oversees the welfare of its members – the fine and applied arts students. It presents intricate issues as violation of student’s right to the department, organize social activities and exhibitions, and engage in educational tours and visits. It is also vested with the responsibility of raising and nurturing capable leaders to promote the â€Å"art† culture. The body is organized and governed by the following elected officers: The President, the Vice-President, Secretary General, Financial Secretary, the Treasurer, Director of Socials, Director of Sports and the Curator. The members are all duly matriculated students of the University. They pay an annual registration fee to the body and attend general meetings when they are summoned. The conflict A misunderstanding ensured when it was time to utilize some money from the body’s account. The financial secretary has issued about a thousand receipts and handed over five hundred payments to the treasurer. The treasurer recorded the given amount and the receipts. Unknown to the treasurer, the financial secretary went to change the figures to reflect a collection of a thousand payment and receipt. The president was to organize a welcome party for the association’s freshers only to discover that the money reflecting in the account differ greatly from the one recorded. An executive meeting was immediately summoned and the figures were laid based on the records. After much deliberation, the financial secretary and the treasurer were asked to account and pay for the loss otherwise they be sanctioned with expulsion. For precisely two weeks, they could not see eye-to-eye. This called for another meeting. Third party. The curator, supported by the two-third majority of the house, moved the motion for a meeting and a meeting day was fixed. The agenda of course was to discuss and if possible to resolve the differences between the two executive members. The session lasted for about two hours with heated debate and arguments. The meeting was adjourned without a reasonable progress on how best to resolve the conflict. A third party was agreed upon unanimously – the Patron of the association. He was actually the â€Å"best† to resolve the conflict as the parties involved [treasurer, financial secretary] respects him so much, besides he is the first patron of the association. The mediation At a pre-determined date and time, the mediator [the patron] and the two parties involved in the conflict met at the Association’s secretariat. Then and there, the patron listened patiently as they both recount their role in the incident. The mediator, being a trained one observed the starts and stops, the inconsistency of the financial secretary tactfully asked â€Å"why are the figures in correcting fluid?† the financial secretary by surprise responded â€Å"no †and later â€Å"I don’t know†. This question is supposed to have been directed to the treasurer being that he handles the recorded amount. The subsequent questions, responses and gestures were all geared towards the mediator trying to facilitate solution progress. He tried as much as possible to cool the tensed atmosphere – a situation where no progress can be actualized. Further issues were raised about the carelessness of the treasurer – for keeping important and formal documents at such trivial places. After much deliberation, a solution was finally reached. This was basically because of the status of and for the patron, otherwise the financial secretary already pre-determine he would negate all proposition that would subsequently lead to the findings – at least on a short term. The persuasion of the mediator [the patron] also did help matters. Emotion was deeply mixed with fact and the resultant effect was felt in the change of atmosphere. The financial secretary was finally willing to co-operate and let the cat out of the bag. He confessed to both the patron and the treasurer that he was deeply sorry for the incident and the conflict. Later on, he was strongly advised by the patron never to perpetrate such act. The treasurer and the patron forgave him. The sessions lasted for roughly two hours, thirty-five munites and were advised to go about their daily activities without any mistrust. They also agreed never to share with any other person [executives inclusive] how it was resolved or who actually was at fault. If I were the mediator, I would have made it a caucus interrogation. First, I would get background information from reliable sources about their attitudes and behaviors. This first hand research may or may not contribute towards knowing who actually was at fault or mediating them. After which I would personally interrogate them. I would facilitate solution progress by making relevant interrogations, delving deep into relevant issues that will sum up o the overall purpose – mediation. After all efforts made and I do not get to the route of the matter, I may if I have, decide to fund the repay for peace’s sake. If I do not have the money, I will at my possible best try to convince them to tell the truth. I will remind them of their original willingness to resolve the whole issue. Then proceed to advice and warn against future occurrence. This I believe will make them want to resolve it all. I will also strongly warn that all discussions towards the process of mediation be treated as top secret for indeed they are. References  §Ã‚   Dr. Mickey S. (2002).   Mediation – Foundations. Background information. Retrieved: February 22, 2007 from www.essaywriters.net   

The Pros and Cons of GMOs From a Vegan Perspective

The Pros and Cons of GMOs From a Vegan Perspective If youre confused about the pros and cons of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), youre not alone. This relatively new technology is riddled with bioethics questions, and the arguments for and against GMOs are difficult to weigh because its hard to know the risks until something goes wrong. Part of this is due largely to the wide scope that the term genetically modified organism includes, though its exclusion of genetic alterations that could be caused by natural mating has narrowed the definition considerably. Still, most argue that not all GMOs are bad. Scientific breakthroughs in manipulating plant genetics are actually largely responsible for the commercial success of crops in the United States, especially that of corn and soy.   New legislation initiatives in the United States are seeking to force products to be labeled as genetically modified as a result of this clarification, and it could lead to a better understanding - or more confusion - of what it means for a good to be a GMO.   What Exactly Is a GMO? The legal definition of a genetically modified organism in the European Union is an organism, with the exception of human beings, in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. It is illegal in the E.U. to deliberately release a GMO into the environment, and food items containing more than 1% GMOs must be labeled - which is not the case in the U.S. This alteration of the genes usually entails inserting genetic material into an organism in a laboratory without natural mating, breeding or reproduction. Instead of breeding two plants or animals together to bring out certain traits in the offspring, the plant, animal or microbe has DNA from another organism inserted. Creating GMOs is one type of genetic engineering, further broken down into different sub categories like transgenic organisms, which are GMOs that contain DNA from another species and cisgenic organisms, which are GMOs that contain DNA from a member of the same species and is generally regarded as the less risky type of GMO. Arguments for GMO Use GMO technology can develop crops with higher yield, with less fertilizer, less pesticides, and more nutrients. In some ways, GMO technology is more predictable than traditional breeding, in which thousands of genes from each parent are transferred randomly to the offspring. Genetic engineering moves discrete genes or blocks of genes at a time. Further, it speeds up production and evolution. Traditional breeding can be very slow because it might take several generations before the desired trait is sufficiently brought out and the offspring must reach sexual maturity before they can be bred. With GMO technology, the desired genotype can be created instantly in the current generation. If you live in the United States, you are most likely eating GMOs or livestock who were fed GMOs.  Eighty-eight percent  of the corn and ninety-four percent  of the soy grown in the U.S. has been genetically modified to be herbicide-resistant and/or insect-resistant. GMOs may not be natural, but not everything natural is good for us, and not everything unnatural is bad for us. Poisonous mushrooms are natural, but we shouldnt eat them. Washing our food before eating it is not natural, but is healthier for us. GMOs have been on the market since 1996, so if all GMOs were an immediate health threat, we would know it by now. Arguments Against GMO Use The most common arguments against GMOs are that they have not been tested thoroughly, have less predictable outcomes and can be potentially harmful to human, animal and crop health alike as a result.   Studies have already shown that GMOs are dangerous to rats. A  review of 19 studies  in which genetically modified soy and corn were fed to mammals found that a GMO diet often led to liver and kidney problems. Further, genetically modified plants or animals could interbreed with wild populations, creating problems such as population explosions or crashes or offspring with dangerous traits which would go further into harming the delicate ecosystem. Also,  GMOs will inevitably lead to more  monoculture, which is dangerous because it threatens the biological diversity of our food supply. GMOs are transferring genes in a much more unpredictable way compared to natural breeding. One of the built-in safeguards of natural breeding is that  a member of one species  will not produce fertile offspring with a member of another species. With transgenic technology, scientists are transferring genes not just across species but even across kingdoms, inserting animal genes into microbes or plants. This produces genotypes that could never exist in nature. This is far more unpredictable than crossing a Macintosh apple with a Red Delicious apple.   Genetically modified products contain novel proteins that could trigger allergic reactions in people who are either  allergic to one of the components of the GMO or in people who are allergic only to the new substance. Further, food additives that are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) do not have to undergo rigorous toxicity testing to prove their safety. Instead, their safety is generally based on published past toxicity studies. The FDA has awarded GRAS status to  95% of the GMOs  that have been submitted. One of the biggest controversies surrounding GMOs is labeling. Unlike other controversial foods like  veal, trans fats, MSG or artificial sweeteners, GMO ingredients in food are rarely, if ever, identified on the label. GMO opponents advocate a labeling requirement so that consumers can decide for themselves whether or not to consume GMO products. GMOs and Animal Rights Animal rights  activism is the belief that animals have an intrinsic value separate from any value they have to  humans  and have a right to be free of human use, oppression,  confinement, and exploitation. On the plus side, GMOs can make agriculture more efficient, thereby reducing our impact on wildlife and wild habitats. However, genetically modified organisms raise some specific animal rights concerns. On the negative, GMO technology often involves  experimenting on animals  wherein the animal can be the source of the genetic  material or the recipient of genetic material such as when jellyfish and coral were  once used to create genetically modified mice, fish and rabbits as  glowing pets  for the novelty pet trade. The  patenting of genetically modified animals  is also a concern to  animal rights activists. Patenting animals treats the animals more like  property  instead of sentient, living beings. While animal advocates want animals treated less like property and more like sentient beings with their own interests, patenting animals is a step in the opposite direction. Under the U.S. Food,  Drug,  and Cosmetics Act, new food additives must be proven safe. While there are no required tests, the FDA offers  Guidelines for Toxicity Studies  that include rodents and non-rodents, usually dogs. Although some opponents of GMOs are demanding more long-term tests, animal advocates should refrain from doing so. More tests will mean  more animals suffering  in laboratories.