Deaf reading reaction #3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deaf reading reaction #3 - Coursework Example However, I do not agree with certain aspects as highlighted by Watson. For instance, by mentioning that sign language was not an equivalent to English and that it was equivalent to a ‘rude and imperfect’ speech which is barbarous, I feel aggrieved since there are many deaf and dumb people in the society today who benefit from it. Therefore, had it been phased out, a lot of people would have been disadvantaged significantly. Discussing this article along the perspectives of deaf babies brings redefines the whole topic. Through this and the babies’ growth cycle of speech, I have learnt a lot that has totally changed my views and would be glad to read more in the related topic area probably by the same author. In spite of the author’s choice of words some time being technical and might not be understood by all, the topic is elaborately discussed. I would recommend this article for reading to everyone as it is immensely

Psychological Testing Essay Example for Free

Psychological Testing Essay There comes a time when we all come across a specific test such as school tests, driving test, or even as simple as food tasting test. However, there is a difference between regular tests and testing’s when referring to psychological testing. There are several different psychological tests that many psychiatrists, psychologists, and school counselors use to determine certain abilities, however each of the tests are used for a specific purpose. It is vital for the individuals to contain high knowledge of the tests before applying it to others. Defining â€Å"Test† According to the medical dictionary, psychological tests are defined as written, visual and verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functions of children and adults (Psychological Tests, 2012). The purpose for psychological testing is to determine the mental abilities, personality traits, achievements and abilities, and neurological functioning. Although, we all have a basic idea of what the definition of â€Å"test† is, however according to (Hogan, 2007), they developed six-element to define â€Å"test†: A test is a standardized process or device that yields information about a sample of behavior or cognitive processes in a quantified manner (Hogan, 2007). Major Categories of Tests There are five major categories of tests that are applied by trained professionals in the field of psychology. The five major categories are mental ability tests, achievement tests, personality tests, interests and attitudes tests, and neuropsychological tests (Hogan, 2007). The mental ability test is applied to test the cognitive functions, such as memory, spatial visualization, and creative thinking (Hogan, 2007). Within the category of mental ability tests, it is separated into other categories of tests that may also be applied such as; individual administered intelligence tests, group administered tests, along with several other ability tests. Second, the achievement tests are created to help determine the placements of students in school based on their knowledge and skills. Achievement tests are subdivides in to batteries, single subject, and certification and licensing, government sponsored programs, and individual assessment tests (Hogan, 2007). Third of the major category tests is the personality tests, with this test professionals are able to determine the reasoning of the human personality. Within this category it is also alienated into other subdivisions such as objective tests and projective techniques (Hogan, 2007). Next is the interest and attitudes tests, these tests are put together to help individuals maintain focus on a specific subject of interests either if it is in school or in a job placement. This category is subdivided by vocational interests and attitude scales (Hogan, 2007). Lastly, the neuropsychological tests, the main purpose of this test is to illustrate information of the functioning of the central nervous system, mainly focusing on the information coming from the human brain (Hogan, 2007). Uses and Users Just as all psychological tests are categorized, not all tests are applied for the same use and the same users. Each test is done by a trained or professional to determine what is the situation based on the results and to see what treatment is best for the individual. There are four major psychological tests users are clinical, educational, personal and research (Hogan, 2007). Clinical users are professionals in the psychology field of clinical psychology, counseling, school psychology and neuropsychology. Psychologists use several methods of tests to identify the nature and severity of the problem, and perhaps provide some suggestions on how to deal with the problem (Hogan, 2007). The users of educational settings are teachers, educational administrators, parents and the general public. The major use of educational settings is to establish the ability and achievements of an individual. Another reason that users use educational is to predict the success in academic work (Hogan, 2007). Next, the users that use personal tests as there usage are business and military. Psychological test are used by these users to acquire the right individual for the task or to fill a position in job placements (Hogan, 2007). The last test use and users is research, the users in this category are varied and it is used to test the education and other social/behavioral sciences (Hogan, 2007). Reliability and Validity According to research reliability is best defined as, is the test is reliable if it produces the same results over and over again, when measuring the same thing. As to validity, it is defined as, a test is valid if it measures what you think it measures, as determined by some independent way of measuring the same thing (Dewey, 2007). It is important to psychologists to understand not to use the wrong test for a different purpose than what the actual purpose was. Then the validity of the measurements of the test scores is not reliable. Conclusion To summarize, psychological tests are being used by many users to acquire adequate results of an individual either if it is for school, careers, or just a personal socialization. Also, as research continues to advance more tests will continue to be implemented to better help others and to have a better result on the treatment that is to be used by the users.

The Long Road To Manhood :: essays papers

The Long Road To Manhood While most people might think that becoming a man is much easier than becoming a woman, this is not true of all cultures around the world. According to Gilmore, becoming a man is problematic (1990). Accordingly, in some cultures, such as the Sambia of New Guinea and the Samburu tribe in Africa, becoming a man constitutes a tremendous amount of rituals. In other cultures, such as the Mundurucu tribe of Brazil, becoming a man, while a lot more complicated than becoming a woman, is not as ritualistic as the Sambia and the Samburu. In most of the societies discussed in class, the road to manhood involves such rituals as circumcision, blood letting, and living in seclusion for a period of several years. The Samburu tribe of Africa force their boys to engage in several rituals, on their voyage to becoming men. â€Å"Samburu males must pass through a complicated series of age-sets and age-grades by which their growing maturity and responsibility as men in the light of these tribal values are publicly acknowledged† (Gilmore, 133:1990). The first initiation into manhood is the circumcision ceremony, which is preformed at the age of fourteen to fifteen. The young boys of the Samburu tribe are taken away from their mothers after the circumcision ceremony, and sent out onto their voyage to manhood. There are a series of different ceremonies that the boys must engage in before they are allowed to move onto the next level of their voyage. Their voyage ends after about twelve years, in which the boys have proved themselves as men, by successfully completing all the different tasks asked of them, they are allowed to take on wives and start their own families. However, the tests of manhood are not limited to the rituals in which the young boys engage in. Even after completing the rituals, a man must always prove his manhood to the others in the tribe. The Sambia, which are similar to the Samburu tribe in their manhood rituals, engage in a majority of the same acts in regards to the transforming young boys into men. However, while circumcision is a major role for the initiation into manhood, the Sambia believe that in order for a boy to start maturing as a male, he must swallow semen. The Sambia â€Å"are firmly convinced that manhood is an artificially induced stat that must be forcibly foisted onto hesitant young boys by ritual means† (Gilmore, 147: 1990).

E Business

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT ITECH7606 Case Study Report Student Name Kuruppu Dilshan Rodrigo Student ID 30094858 1 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 Executive Summery In this case study i am critically evaluates all aspects of an Coles Pvt Ltd that engages i electronic commerce or electronic business and communicate these key issues though this report base on under mention topics.Brief introduction about Coles and infrastructure, current implementation of the internet in Coles group, description about an impact has made internet on this organization and also different business models which they use to improve their turn over and customer relationship. Identification of value chains and i am going to discuss some of the problems that specifically might encounter electronic supply chain management , identify suppliers, make payments, check availability of supplies, automatic reordering of supplies through shared systems, track order progress, collaborative demand planning and forecasting.I have mention about few implementations which regards to e procurement and activities. Different types of e-marketing method which coles use to compete with other retain giants such as Woolie , different techniques have been used in my selected organization and how electronic communication to differentiate products and services. Finally some of the change management issues that they have faced during past years. 2 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 Index Page No Introduction 03 Body 04 Conclusion 15 Reference 16 3 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT Introduction 30094858 In 1985 G.J Coles, primarily a Melbourne-based supermarket chain, merged with Myer Ltd, an upmarket Melbourne department store, becoming Coles Myer Ltd. The merger was brought on by an expectation of significant cost savings from sharing services and overheads such as purchasing, warehousing, information technology and property. However these benefits never occurred. Coles Myer was burdened with poor ma nagement, bad strategic decisions, and internal conflict. Their share price was faltering, and lagging behind their biggest competitor Woolworths, and profit had been stagnant for three years.In September 2001 the board appointed John Fletcher as chief executive, well known for his part in turning Brambles into a successful international company. Fletcher’s first priority was to do something about Coles Myer’s share price, however he recognised that to be able to change it he must first deal with the company’s strategic and structural problems. This analysis of organisational design and effectiveness will discuss the issues experienced by Coles discussion of theories related to the these problems and possible solutions, an examination of what is being done, and what else could be done to improve the situation.The implementation of common ,centralised IT and processes throughout the Coles Group would play a significant role in their future success. Using common s oftware and procedures will increase communication and coordination, and reduce organisational complexity. A centralised system is well suited to the Coles Group, and it will enhance control and monitoring; important processes in a machine bureaucracy. Leifer (1988) asserts that effective performance of centralised computer business information systems requires rules and policies that match the tasks of the machine bureaucracy organisation, supporting this statement.Moving to a centralised system would appear to be a significant change, however Rockart and Scott Morton (1984, cited in Leifer 1986 p 66. ) believe implementing a centralised system in a machine bureaucracy requires few changes on part of the organisation†. 4 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 While online shopping in the grocery and liquor market represents only a small proportion of total food and drink sales in Australia it is growing significantly. Coles Online saw a doubling of sales in 2010. Coles sells liquor online through our Liquorland Direct and Vintage Cellars Wine Club.We have experienced growth in sales in the online liquor market as we have seen in groceries. In the more mature online grocery shopping markets, such as in the UK, online shopping represents about 4 per cent of the food and drink market, and it is expected to grow to 12 per cent by 2014. 2 Coles does not anticipate material employment impacts in its business from the growth in online retail. The growth in online retail has lead to an increase in employment to service the online market. Online purchases are picked from the existing supermarket shelves and require drivers to delivery groceries.When Coles first started online sales, distribution centres were used to pick and deliver groceries. Now, Coles online operates out of selected supermarkets Presently every organization has great impact on internet; quite a lot of businesses merge into online business. coles group introduce their first web page long time ago, due to rapidly changing technology and challenges they move out and implement according to overcome and withstand modern word technical challenges too at the moment coles web page run by aspx which is provide dynamic web rather than static web pages which is display only information to customers.Fig 01 5 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 Above fig 01 show how dynamic web page work technically. Even though it seems to be quite easy but there are number of information technology master minds work at back stage 24Ãâ€"7 to provide secure and reliable service to customers. Coles implemented rich interface page using latest web development technology to provide wide range of facilities to their customer. Online shopping through the Coles Online brand began in 1999 with delivery across the Sydney and Melbourne metropolitan areas.The service was initially restricted to the Sydney and Melbournemetropolitan areas as the service was run out of a distribution centre in each capital city. The online service moved out of distribution centres into six stores across Sydney and Melbourne in 2008. In 2010, our online service expanded to all States and Territories in order to respond to customer demand. Now Coles Online services over 85 per cent of Australia’s population with delivery in all capital cities and major towns. Coles online businesses offer four types of services †¢ Home delivery: Delivery to your doorstep or kitchen bench via refrigerated van Business delivery: Delivery to offices and a wide variety of other organisations requiring groceries †¢ Remote delivery: Delivery to remote areas of the NT, WA and far north Queensland. Remote customers of Coles historically ordered via telephone or fax with their own courier arrangements in place (road, rail, barge or air). This has been transitioned to full visibility of a virtual supermarket on the internet with significant benefits all round †¢ Collection: Customer collection of groceries ordered online – either at a designated Coles Supermarket or another location with chilled storage facilities . ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 Coles Online features †¢ A huge range of all popular supermarket items (covering 22,000 SKUs) †¢ Online exclusive specials †¢ Weekly catalogue specials †¢ Unique product offers such as ‘Fruit & Vegetable Boxes' and ‘Create Your Own Hampers' †¢ Personal account areas to manage your orders and create custom lists †¢ Express Shop search functionality †¢ Fresh and easy recipe ideas †¢ Seasonal product range †¢ Detailed product information and nutritional information †¢ A convenient range of delivery time slots †¢ FlyBuys points.You can continue to collect 2 standard FlyBuys points for every $5 you spend with Coles when you register your FlyBuys number in ‘My Account’. 7 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 The Internet can help companies create and capture profit in new ways by adding extra value to existing products and services or by providing the foundation for new products and services. The Internet Business models are abstraction of what and how the enterprise delivers product or service, showing how the enterprise creates wealth by taking advantages of the Internet's rich communication capabilities.They provide the customer with a new product or service; They provide additional information or service along with a traditional product or service, or they provide a product or service at a much lower cost than traditional means. How do these organizations' business models affect the way they market themselves? How does the target market learn more about this site? Coles online have business models that rely entirely on internet transactions. They need to create volume sales as efficiently as possible. Therefore, they have done everything they can to direct consumer traffic to their sites regardless of their product.Through r eferral sites, online advertising and most importantly web services, they have been very effective at this goal. They have expanded via third parties to increase their web presence. Consumers learn more about both of these sites almost automatically if they search for a product on the web.. AZ is not a revenue targeted site, but they probably prefer more AZ consumers using their online services. I have seen links to their site on other web sites, primarily AZ newspapers online. Identify benefits of this site to the organization and to the site's visitors.The benefits of Amazon's and EBay's sites to their respective organizations should be obvious from the other answers. These businesses are entirely web-based, so they would be non-existent without the site and its visitors. All of their revenue, brand recognition and global presence comes from their sites. Unlike hybrid retailers like Walmart or Target, you will likely never see an Amazon physical bricks and mortar store. The benefi ts to the consumers of Amazon and EBay are the wide array of products that can be 8 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 purchased and shipped directly to their home.Used products, unusual products, competitive pricing, the power of database searching and one stop shopping are also benefits of both sites. With AZ, the benefits to the organization are mostly in servicing costs. It is much cheaper for Arizona government if everyone in Arizona renews their driver's licenses online. Also, Arizona wants to grow, both in number of residents and number of businesses. By providing a central site for prospective residents and business owners, the AZ site might attract some more residents and businesses. The benefits of AZ to consumers is the ease of performing Arizona services online.Using myself as an example, I seek to do anything possible online, rather than drive to or call a service center. I have renewed my drivers license at the AZ site as well as downloaded tax forms and applied f or duplicate vehicle titles. When we look at this organization as a whole , i would be able recognize there two different business models involves in their business process such as B2C business to customer – It applies to any business or organisation that sells its products or services to consumers on the internet for its own use. About one fifth of e-commerce takes place between businesses and consumers.B2C is of greater interest to the public, because most of the online buyers are people (in millions) and not organisations. On the other hand B2B business to business It involves companies buying from and selling to each other, on the internet. In other words it is commercial activity between businesses. Online B2B is growing fast in both horizontal and vertical markets. In a horizontal market, companies in one industry sell to companies in other industries, whereas in a vertical market business takes place among companies operating in the same industry in a sequential supply chain.Under the B2B process, a higher level of collaboration between retailer and supplier is required. In particular this will affect both Coles and supplier’s IT systems and business processes. Trading via B2B results in these three outcomes ? Cost effective Administration 9 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT ? ? Timely Outcomes Reliable Processes 30094858 In its simplest form, B2B documents follow this approach All orders placed by Grocery Holdings Pty Ltd (GHPL), the wholesale operation servicing our retail Brands, will be transacted this way. Currently the following are out of scope for the B2B program ? Direct to store deliveries ?General Merchandise Cross-dock deliveries to GHPL ? Deliveries of Fresh Fruit & Vegetables and Fresh Fish ? Random Weight items The Benefits to suppliers of moving to B2B 10 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 There are many benefits for both suppliers and Coles by moving to B2B trading processes. Though not all may apply to every supplier he re is a list of the more commonly known benefits: Electronic messaging is a fast, accurate and versatile way for passing information between trading partner’s systems enabling better business decisions to be made. The speed and accuracy of the scan packing process leads to a reduction in pick errors.This results in a reduction in claims for incorrect delivery quantity that occur when a manual picking process is used. The introduction of the electronic invoice (eI) means that the occurrence of lost ‘paper’ invoices ceases. This, in turn, improves the average days outstanding of supplier invoices. GHPL DC’s prefer to deal with compliant suppliers because of the labour savings B2B generates. DC’s have cost budgets too, and it makes sense for them to schedule deliveries at the cheapest times to process them (i. e. during standard business hours, wherever possible).The B2B process enables information such as batch codes and use-by dates to flow from syst em to system easily and accurately, and this helps ensure customers consume goods at their freshest. Moving to B2B with Coles means suppliers will trade using a single, uniform process across all Coles brands. Suppliers who already trade with other retail business (e. g. Kmart, Target or Officeworks) will be familiar with the B2B process, as these businesses have been using B2B exclusively for many years. The web-based TPM system enables suppliers to view their PO, ASN and ADM, in real time, day or night.B2B improves sales for both Coles and suppliers because the POA enables Coles National Inventory Team to order additional stock for items not fully supplied on previous orders. 11 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 Faster truck turnaround time occurs because DC’s ‘scan receive’ the stock into their systems, as opposed to the old manual process. B2B compliant suppliers are already talking to their transport Six Steps to Implementation The following steps outl ined in the following pages have been designed to help you implement a B2B eCommerce solution.Auditing your current internal processes will help you determine how much work is required to prepare you for the B2B process. You may have already partially completed some of these steps, which can be discussed further with your eCommerce Implementation Team member, to confirm your requirements. The 6 steps are: 1. Project Initialisation 2. Research and Plan 3. Install and Test 4. End-to-End Validation and Accreditation Testing 5. Cut Over and ‘Go Live’ 6. Monitor Step 1: Project Initialisation As a supplier to GHPL, you may have been approached directly by Coles to participate in the B2B eCommerce program.This approach may have taken the form of: . . A request for a one-on-one meeting Direct mail and follow up We will discuss the B2B requirements, operational processes and the steps needed to implement the B2B process. Specific business objectives and required timelines will be detailed. 12 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT 30094858 If a face-to-face meeting or conference call is organised consider bringing the following participants ? ? ? Account Manager(s) Technical staff (internal or consultants) Supply Chain staffStep 2: Research and Plan Once you've agreed to implement a B2B eCommerce solution, you need to think about how you will implement it and what you need to do to set up your solution. This step is very important and you should spend the time necessary to get it right for your business. Research involves: . . . . Assessing your current processes, systems and overall direction Evaluating potential solutions (if none have previously been implemented) Scoping, costing and selecting a final solution Familiarisation with the planning and testing functionality provided by the CMT.Understanding the change management requirements within your business given the required process changes to implement B2B Preparing an implementation plan that establishes yo ur readiness to trade electronically in the required timeframe. 13 Step 3: Install and Test This step will vary greatly from supplier to supplier depending on your size, type of merchandise, solution provider and current infrastructure. Typically during this phase you will: Install any additional or upgraded hardware and software. Test communications and all the B2B documents as part of your systems development cycle.Define, confirm and test re-engineered processes from receipt of order to despatch. All document validation will be facilitated via the use of the CMT. When you've completed this step, you will be ready to undertake a complete set of End-ToEnd test scenarios (from electronic order to eI) with Coles prior to being accredited. Step 4: End-to-End Validation and Accreditation Testing During this step several test scenarios will be performed commencing with an electronic test order and ending with an eInvoice. You will be required to receive and process a test order as if it were a real order.Contents of the order must be validated prior to picking and packing All suppliers are required to respond with a POA for every PO on the day it is received. The packing process must result in SCM Logistics labels and ASN(s) being generated. You will not be required to deliver the stock ordered on your test orders. The ASN is transmitted to Coles and the SCM Logistics labels are sent to the eCIT for verification. 14 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT The eI is transmitted to Coles. An ADM will be sent to the supplier to advise that NIL stock was receipted. 0094858 B2B accreditation is achieved when you have successfully completed all the steps in the CMT. Step 5: Cut Over and Go Live Your eCIT team member will guide you through a comprehensive ‘Go Live’ Checklist as the final check that all elements of your change to B2B have been understood and considered. Commencing on the agreed ‘Go Live’ date, Coles will expect all orders to be processed using the B2B process. The eCIT will advise relevant Coles receiving locations of the date you expect to commence live B2B deliveries.Step 6: Monitor This is an ongoing process. Coles will randomly check and monitor your delivery performance to ensure that integrity requirements are maintained. Detailed checking will initially be quite intensive until the system has established your process integrity. 100% integrity will result in less checks being performed, however, deliveries with errors will increase the level of checking. Increased checking will slow processing down considerably and increase processing costs proportionately. 15 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENTConclusion 30094858 Finally, adopting e commerce to Coles has done huge impact on whole organization in various ways, letting more opportunities to interact with customer, receive feedback and record data by using Flybyes then introduce customised range of products according to sessions and personal interest of the year. Usi ng high technical business system to make life easier for top to bottom management and smooth run of organization to provide better customer satisfaction on the other hand increase their productivity and revenue.Bargaining power of buyers To strengthen the relation between buyers and suppliers using high software investments were things in the past. Modern technologies allow forward and backward incorporation in the value chain. Coles is one of the challenging competitor for all other retailer ,i believe Coles is top in the Australian retail industry. 16 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT References Books ? 30094858 Burton, R. M. , Lauridsen, J. ; Obel, B. 1999, ‘Tension and Resistance to Change in Organizational Climate: Managerial Implications for a Fast Paced World’, Retrieved April 26th, 2007 from Wood, J. ; Chapman, J. ; Fromholtz, M. ; Morrison, V. ; Wallace, J. ; Zeffane, M. ; Schemerhorn, J. ; Hunt, J. ; Osborne, R. 2003, Organisational behaviour: a global perspecti ve, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, Milton Qld ? Leifer, Richard 1988 ‘Matching Computer-Based Information Systems with Organizational Structures’, MIS Quarterly, Vol 12, no 1, pp 66. ? Rockart, J. and Scott Morton, M. 1984 ‘Implications of Changes in Information Technology for Corporate Strategy’ Interfaces, Vol 14, no 1, pp. 84-96, cited in ?Leifer, Richard 1988 ‘Matching Computer-Based Information Systems with Organizational Structures’, MIS Quarterly, Vol 12, no 1, pp 66. Journals ? Simpson, Kirsty 2006 ‘Coles drops Kmart, Bi-Lo’, The Age, August 1st, 2006, Retrieved April 26th from ? Robbins, S. P and Barnwell, N. S. 2006, Organisation Theory: Concepts and Cases, Prentice Hall, Sydney 17 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MANAGEMENT Websites ? www. theage. com. au/news/business/coles-drops-kmartbilo/2006/07/31/1154198073979. html ? 30094858 www. lok. cbs. dk/images/publ/Burton%20og%20Obel%20og%20Lauridsen%20tensio n%202000. pdf 18

Pay Equity In Labor Force Movement Essay

Debates about women’s rights at work and the gendered dimensions of employment inequality were notable and contested features of Canadian political discourse throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Concern about these issues took root during the 1940s, when women experienced dramatic shifts in their employment opportunities as a result of being drawn into and later jettisoned from the reserve army of wartime labor. Pressure to improve women’s employment conditions, particularly in the burgeoning public sector, recurred in the mid-1950s. However, it was in the 1960s, once the second wave of feminism took root in Canada, that women began to develop a sustained critique of the employment inequalities they experienced and pressure their governments to address the problem through policy innovation and change. (Westhues, 45-58) From the outset of second-wave feminism, women advanced analyses of employment inequality that took account of their labor in both the public and domestic spheres. As Brockman noted, activists â€Å"drew attention, as had never been done before, to the fundamental incompatibility between reproductive labor and child care, on the one hand, and paid work on the other, as well as to the profound consequences of this incompatibility. † (Brockman, 78-93) While liberal, radical, and socialist feminists approached this issue from different ideological vantage points, they shared a common belief that the causes of gender inequality in employment were not rooted solely in the workplace. Only, they claimed, if questions about women’s employment in the public sphere were addressed in tandem with questions about their labor in the domestic sphere would the gendered dimensions of employment inequality be fully understood. In particular, feminists thought that women’s maternal work had to be recognized in discussions about promoting gender equality in the workplace. As Westhues, a well-known socialist feminist, once argued, â€Å"As long as women have the primary responsibility for maintenance of the home and for child care, we will be less than able to pursue job opportunities and our domestic commitments will be used to justify discriminatory employment practices. † (Westhues, 45-58) Growing awareness of the need to link questions about production and reproduction in analyses of women’s economic position was by no means unique to Canadian feminism. It was, for example, well established in the early writing of second-wave feminists in Britain and the United States. What did, however, distinguish Canadian feminists from their counterparts in these other liberal democracies was an ability to work together, despite ideological differences, in order to advance this double-edged critique of gender inequality in employment. Right from the start of the contemporary women’s movement, Canadian feminists engaged with the state, demanding policies that recognized the link between women’s employment opportunities and the provision of child care. Canadian feminists lobbied both federal and provincial governments about the need to improve women’s employment opportunities and expand the provision of child care. It was in the federal arena, however, that women (outside Quebec) focused their demands for the development of policies that acknowledged the link between these two issues. In some respects, this federal focus was surprising. After all, only one-tenth of the Canadian labor force is regulated by the federal government, and even at the start of second-wave feminism both federal and provincial governments had been involved in employment opportunity and child care initiatives. Moreover, even though the federal government has the constitutional capacity to use its spending power to underwrite the provision of state-subsidized child care, it is the provinces that retain constitutional control over the delivery of this service. The federal focus of women’s campaigns was encouraged by the fact that the renaissance of Canadian feminism occurred within the context of a broader social project to achieve universal welfare guarantees, assured by the Canadian state. It was reinforced by the government of Canada’s decision to establish the 1967 Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) to inquire how best the federal government could ensure that women enjoyed â€Å"equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. † It has since been sustained by the work of activists in national organizations, in particular the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), founded in 1972, and the Canadian Day Care Advocacy Association (CDCAA), established in 1982 and renamed the Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC) in 1992. However, despite a long history of feminist engagement with the federal state, women’s repeated campaigns for the development of policies to address the double-edged nature of gender inequality in employment, and the clear recognition of these demands in reports of royal commissions and task forces, the federal policy response has been uneven. Policies to eradicate sex discrimination at work and promote women’s employment opportunities have been developed and implemented in the federal policy sphere. By contrast, the federal government has not developed policies to promote a publicly funded system of child care in order to enhance women’s employment opportunities, save as emergency measures during the Second World War or as an element of broader initiatives to get â€Å"welfare mothers† out to work. Instead it has treated child care as a fiscal issue for which parents can receive subsidies through federal taxation. This paper examines why a double-edged interpretation of women’s employment inequality, which recognizes the public and domestic dimensions of women’s work, has not been fully absorbed into federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment. The analysis follows the development of debates about women’s rights at work from the period of reconstruction after the Second World War, when questions about eradicating employment discrimination against worker-citizens first emerged in Canadian political debate, through to the close of the twentieth century. It examines federal policy developments under Liberal and Conservative governments, showing that even though the reports of federal royal commissions and task forces encoded feminist demands for a double-edged attack on employment inequality, questions about promoting women’s employment equality and child care were continually driven apart in the federal policy process. Women’s Paid and Caring Work  While this is by no means the first time that scholars have considered the relationship between Canadian women’s work inside and outside the home, it is noticeable how the link between these two aspects of women’s labor was explored by historians and sociologists before being addressed by analysts of public policy. In the late 1970s, members of the Women’s History Collective at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the Clio Collective in Montreal pioneered research in Canada on how women’s labor had shifted from the unpaid domestic sphere into the world of paid employment. In the process, they unearthed textual and oral histories that demonstrated how, despite this transition, women still faced the double bind of a double-day in which they went out to work for pay and home to work for love. Their findings were reinforced in late 1970s and 1980s by sociological analyses of women’s work arguing that because women so often entered employment while maintaining primary responsibility for the care of their children, they frequently found themselves concentrated in low-paid, low-status employment. Despite the fact that historians, sociologists, and feminist activists drew attention to the â€Å"double ghetto† of women’s working lives, discussions about policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care evolved as distinct scholarly debates. The literature on policies to promote Canadian women’s employment opportunities emerged within the context of broader discussions and debates about the development of policies to root out discrimination in the workplace. By contrast, the literature on Canadian child care policy evolved around questions about the development, cost, and politics of implementing public policies to promote the welfare, education, care, and development of young children. In recent years, however, policy analysts have paid much greater attention to the link between women’s paid and caring work. Jacobs, 120-128) Nonetheless, no one has yet considered why Canadian government policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care have been developed at such different rates and, despite repeated calls to the contrary, not linked in the design of public policies to promote gender equality in federally regulated employment. This pattern of inquiry is understandable, given the discrete historical development of policies concerned with child care and those concerned with women’s employment. However, it unduly limits our understanding of the gendered dimensions of employment inequality in Canada and fails to capture the empirical reality of many women’s working lives. Double-Edged Nature of Women’s Employment Inequality Why did women’s double-edged demand for equal employment opportunities and child care emerge in Canada in the 1960s and 1970s? After all, from the mid-1950s Canada experienced one of the fastest rates of labor force feminization in the Western industrialized world. The decline of manufacturing industries and the concomitant growth of the tertiary sector in the 1950s and 1960s meant that while industries that had traditionally attracted men closed down, those demanding support skills that had long characterized women’s traditional domestic roles expanded. Moreover, in countries like Canada, where welfare states were being established, the growth in women’s employment intensified most quickly. The much trumpeted rise in female labor force participation rates did not, however, mean that women engaged in paid employment on the same terms as men. The occupational segregation of Canadian men and women persisted in both horizontal and vertical forms. In fact, this process intensified with the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. As a result, the vast majority of women found themselves working in poorly paid occupations, situated in the lower echelons of private companies and public sector organizations. Moreover, as Jacobs have noted, although the creation of welfare states meant that â€Å"women as a group had more employment opportunities open up for them than men† in the mid-twentieth century, the growth in women’s employment was in the part-time sector of the labor force, which was increasingly dominated by women in all OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Jacobs, 120-128) This simply intensified the inequalities of employment opportunity that women experienced because part-time work is concentrated in the least-skilled, lowest-paid, and most poorly organized sections of the labor force, where benefits are usually more limited than in the full-time sector. The rapid growth in women’s participation in part-time rather than fulltime employment reflects two other factors about the feminization of the Canadian labor force. On the one hand, it relates to the type of work that the service sector has generated and to the increasing flexibility demanded of its employees. On the other hand, it reflects the fact that the greatest increase in female labor force participation rates since the 1960s has been among women with young children. In the early 1960s, most female employees in Canada would leave the workforce when their first child was born and return only when their youngest child had entered school. By the mid-1980s most women with young children went out to work. Indeed, as Pendakur have noted, â€Å"By 1991 all traces of the reproduction function had disappeared with female labor force participation rates peaking in the major family-rearing age categories†. The double burden that women experience from juggling their employment while continuing to care for their children has been reinforced by the limited provision of subsidized child care spaces in Canada. In the late 1960s, when women began to pressure the federal government to address the minimal provision of child care for working women, federal subsidies for child care were limited to support for welfare mothers under the 1966 Canada Assistance Plan. This pattern changed very little in the course of the twentieth century, although federal subsidies to support child care for low-income families became increasingly tied to efforts to get mothers receiving welfare out to work. Although recent federal publications on the status of day care in Canada boast â€Å"a twenty-five-fold increase† in child care spaces since the government first gathered these data in 1971, in fact the proportion of children of working mothers who have access to regulated child care remains very low. As a result, most working parents remain highly dependent on informal, unregulated child care. Indeed, as Brockman noted, in the mid-1990s â€Å"children in informal child care arrangements accounted for eighty per cent of all child care used by parents in Canada. † (Brockman, 78-93) The federal state in Canada has addressed questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women in the public sphere with relative ease but has failed to recognize that this project cannot be achieved without addressing the questions of child care that affect so many women’s working lives. While the reasons for this are complex, some insights from feminist theory may help us to begin this exploration. In recent years, a number of feminist theorists have discussed how the concept of worker-citizenship that took root as welfare states were developed in countries such as Canada did not take account of the different contexts in which women and men often assumed employment. (Pendakur, 111-120) As a result, when questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women began to emerge in the 1950s and ’60s, they were framed in terms of women achieving the same opportunities as men. Indeed, Canadian have tried to develop a more nuanced concept of worker citizenship that not only respects the objective of equality of opportunity but also takes workers’ particular circumstances into account and, in the case of women, enables them to integrate their paid and caring work better. In the process, women have argued that a state that upholds the principle of gender equality must develop policies that take account of the interconnectedness of the public and domestic spheres and recognize the different contexts in which men and women often assume employment. Conclusion Nonetheless, although Canadian feminists have a long history of active engagement with the state, developed through a â€Å"visible and articulate women’s movement† that has successfully placed issues on the political agenda, the result, more often than not, has been that their demands have been contained within a limited set of reforms. As a result, those aspects of gender discrimination in the workplace that concern practices within the public sphere have been acknowledged through the introduction of anti-discrimination and employment equity policies. By contrast, women have had more difficulty getting their proposals for policies that transcend the public/ private divide, by linking questions of equal employment opportunity with those of child care, acknowledged in the federal policy arena. Despite their efforts to forge these links through two major royal commissions and other government inquiries, problems of gender inequality in employment are still primarily defined as issues located within the public sphere of employment. Without doubt, over the past thirty years there have been clear improvements in the position of women in the federally regulated section of the Canadian labor force. Nonetheless, women continue to cluster in the lower echelons of companies and organizations and remain under-represented in more senior positions. While this persistent pattern of inequality has many causes, paper shows how it reflects a federal policy process that concentrates on ensuring the comparable treatment of male and female employees once they have entered the labor market, yet, for complex reasons, repeatedly stalls on developing a more expansive approach to child care. As a result, federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment neglect the inequalities of access and participation that many women experience as they continue or resume employment once they have dependent children.

What techniques are used in Shrek Essay Example

What techniques are used in Shrek Essay Example What techniques are used in Shrek Paper What techniques are used in Shrek Paper For this piece of coursework I will be evaluating the Technique that is used in the movie trailer of Shrek 2 to attract its target audience. The trailers are ways of launching a new film into market place.Tralier are mainly used for advertising. They contain short clip from the feature film which attract the target audience. The trailer is usually 2 to 3 minutes. Trailer are short because they are only effective for only short period of time as it losses impact. The main jobs of film trailer advertising to show the story in short and persuade the audience to buy film. From the trailer the audience are able to tell what genre (comedy, action, horror, and thriller) and the narrative of film is. From the trailer audience will know who is star of the film are who is the director of film. Films are also promoted in magazines, Newspaper, Internet and posters.  A target audience can depend on age and gender and will contain sound and images that will appeal to that target audience. Trailers are extremely important marketing tool, along with posters as they encourage many people to watch or rent film. Trailer must have many qualities to attract its target audience. It must have a great amount of information in a short amount of time. The target audience in Shrek 2 is all age group because this film can be enjoyed by anyone. Shrek is animated film created by DreamWorks and brought to life by state of the art 3d animation. The music used in the film is also different to other such productions. Instead of the characters bursting in to song all the time, the songs are played by an external person and reflect the mood of the characters in a particular scene. Shrek 2 Film is featured be all star cast providing the voice and a whole host of class new characters in the host of class new character in the enchanting Shrek story. The film has a large intake of digital animation, and has a long list of different animating techniques. Shrek 2 is a computer animated film. The Shrek 2 trailer use various technique to target it audience. One of the techniques used in Shrek 2 trailer is camera angel. Good camera angel is very import ant in any films to attract their target audience. Camera makes audience to view the film from different angel camera shot can make audience to look close-up view of someone or something. Shrek 2 have eye catching colour that will attract most of children. Shrek 2 film trailer highly concentrates on children due to the mixtures of colours and the cartoon characters, it also focus on young adults and adults themselves due to the hummer and animation with star voice throw out the hole movie. The opening of the trailer immediately catches the audience eye as the camera focuses on the words Far Far Away which sit on amounting top, as Shrek, Fiona and Donkey travel by a horse drawn carriage for 700 miles to reach the kingdom of princess Fiona parents . Here Adult humour is shown because the board should traditionally say Hollywood not Far Far away this immediately makes us smile. After the opening clips of the kingdom there is a flash and DreamWorks appears, here a voiceover is used. The voice over is a device that is intended to guide you to understand the film , using the right language and voice tones, to dramatise as much as possible without over hyping. The voice which appears as a standard feature in trailer, build the sense of mystery and suspense. The voice over in Shrek 2 says, DreamWorks invites you to a land of fairytales and then fairytale characters appear like the Pinocchio, ginger bread man, and the three piglets. A voiceover is used to link shots and to increase childrens understandings of what is going to happen in the film. Shrek 2 is aimed at both kids and families. Some scenes in the film were aimed at a specific target audience. For example, the scene where Fairy Godmother makes a performance on the stage and is wearing a red dress and lies down on the piano. There were some scenes that were suitable for kids to watch. For example, the scene where Shrek and other characters found out that Pinocchio wears a thong. Overall, I think the Shrek 2 trailer was persuasive and effective because it has influenced millions of other children and adult across the world to go and watch or buy the film. This was achieved by the producers using a lot of clever and innovative camera shots, sound effects e.g. shots of action and humour. These were sufficient to make people feel and think that this was going to be a great and entertaining film. The trailer had a lot of unique selling point e.g. the actors, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Mike Myers and John. These actors are very famous and the best in their field. This is another strong selling point of the film.

5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present Tense

5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present Tense 5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present Tense 5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present Tense By Mark Nichol Writers often fall into a tense trap and don’t even notice. A tense trap is not a trap that makes you tense; it’s when you get stuck in past tense when the phenomena you are describing is perpetual or at least valid to the present moment. Here are some sample tense traps and their simple fixes: 1. â€Å"Bush lost me as a supporter when he said that outsourcing American jobs was a good thing.† This sentence from a newspaper column correctly reports in the past tense at the beginning of the sentence. But Bush likely said something like this: â€Å"Outsourcing American jobs is a good thing.† Even in paraphrase, the writer should retain the present tense: â€Å"Bush lost me as a supporter when he said that outsourcing American jobs is a good thing.† 2. â€Å"The two men chimed right in with their own stories about what wonderful people Jack and Margaret were.† Because this sentence is taken out of context, you have no idea whether Jack and Margaret were still alive at the time they were being discussed. To your credit, though, that thought occurred to you but it didn’t occur to the person who referred to the still-alive-and-kicking couple in the past tense. Unless Jack and Margaret later suffered from a personality disorder that transformed their natures, the writer should have made the observation in the present tense: â€Å"The two men chimed right in with their own stories about what wonderful people Jack and Margaret are.† 3. â€Å"These remarks infuriated French president Jacques Chirac, who declared that his country loved Jews and was not at all anti-Semitic.† Methinks Monsieur is suffering pied-en-bouche disease when he clumsily protests France’s apparently nonabiding affection for Semitic peoples. But it’s not his fault; the paraphrase should support the intent of his sentiment by using the present tense: â€Å"These remarks infuriated French president Jacques Chirac, who declared that his country loves Jews and is not at all anti-Semitic.† 4. â€Å"He wanted to know: Did it really do all the things people said it did?† Assuming you know that the product in question is extant and that its operating features are persistent, reference to it should be in the present tense regardless of the framing tense: â€Å"He wanted to know: Does it really do all the things people say it does?† 5. â€Å"Even when he was young, Dali was fascinated by and disturbed about how ants ate animal carcasses.† Because ants (disregarding the fact that Dali remains neither a youth nor alive) still eat animal carcasses, the verb should appear in the present tense: â€Å"Even when he was young, Dali was fascinated by and disturbed about how ants eat animal carcasses.† But look at this sentence from the same article: â€Å"This experience convinced the late artist that it was useless to represent reality in his painting.† This statement is correct as is. Knowing, as we do, that the artist is no longer alive and that the sentiment refers specifically to him, the point is no longer valid, so past tense here is proper. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyCapitalization Rules for the Names of GamesA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br)

Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br) Bromine is a halogen element with atomic number 35 and element symbol Br.  At room temperature and pressure, it is one of the few liquid elements. Bromine is known for its brown color and characteristic acrid odor. Here is a collection of facts about the element: Bromine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 35 Symbol: Br Atomic Weight: 79.904 Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Word Origin: Greek bromos, which means stench Element Classification: Halogen Discovery: Antoine J. Balard (1826, France) Density (g/cc): 3.12 Melting Point ( °K): 265.9 Boiling Point ( °K): 331.9 Appearance: reddish-brown liquid, metallic luster in solid form Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of bromine ranging from Br-69 to Br-97. There are 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69% abundance) and Br-81 (49.31% abundance). Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 23.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 114 Ionic Radius: 47 (5e) 196 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.473 (Br-Br) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 10.57 (Br-Br) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 29.56 (Br-Br) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.96 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1142.0 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.670 Magnetic Ordering: nonmagnetic Electrical Resistivity (20  °C): 7.8Ãâ€"1010 ÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m Thermal Conductivity (300 K): 0.122 W ·m−1 ·K−1 CAS Registry Number: 7726-95-6 Bromine Trivia Bromine is named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench because bromine smells... stinky. Its a sharp, acrid odor thats hard to describe, but many people know the smell from the elements use in swimming pools.Bromine was nearly discovered by two other chemists before Antoine Jerome Balard published his discovery. The first was in 1825 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig. He was sent a sample of salt water to analyze from a nearby town. He thought the brown liquid he separated from the salt water was a simple mixture of iodine and chlorine. After he learned of Balards discovery, he went back and checked. His liquid was the newly discovered bromine. The other discoverer was a chemistry student named Carl Loewig. He separated the same brown liquid in 1825 from another sample of salt water. His professor asked him to prepare more of the brown liquid for further testing and soon learned of Balards bromine.Elemental bromine is a toxic substance and can cause corrosion burns when ex posed to skin. Inhalation can cause irritation, in low concentrations, or death, in high concentration. Although toxic as a pure element and in high doses, bromine is an essential element for animals. The bromide ion is a cofactor in collagen synthesis.In World War I, xylyl bromide and related bromine compound were used as poison gas.Compounds containing bromine in the -1 oxidation state are called bromides.Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in sea water with an abundance of 67.3 mg/L.Bromine is the 64th most abundant element in the Earths crust with an abundance of 2.4 mg/kg.At room temperature, elemental bromine is a reddish-brown liquid. The only other element that is a liquid at room temperature is mercury.Bromine is used in many fire retardant compounds. When brominated compounds burn, hydrobromic acid is produced. The acid acts as a flame retardant by interfering with the oxidation reaction of combustion. Nontoxic halomethane compounds, such as bromochloromethane and bromotrifluoromethane, are used in submarines and spacecraft. However, they are not generally useful becau se they are expensive and because they damage the ozone layer. Bromide compounds used to be used as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Specifically, sodium bromide and potassium bromide were used in the 19th and 20th century until they were replaced by chloral hydrate, which was in turn replaced by barbituates and other drugs.The ancient royal purple dye called Tyrian Purple is a bromine compound.Bromine was used in leaded fuels to help prevent engine knock in the form of ethylene bromide.Herbert Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company started his business separating bromine from brine waters of the Midwestern United States. Sources Duan, Defang; et al. (2007-09-26). Ab initio studies of solid bromine under high pressure. Physical Review B. 76 (10): 104113. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.104113Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements: XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915 Return to the Periodic Table

Gender Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Issues - Essay Example Society has assigned role to men and women creating specific gender roles since the begging of time. This essat discusses gender roles, that are rapidly and difference between today’s roles and the gender roles fifty years ago obvious. In the past, women traditionally were expected to get married, and raise a family. Today the role of women has changed dramatically obtaining education and working outside between raising their families and their career. Regardless of this confusion of a result of new gender roles women have more choices then in the past. Men on the other hand are entering into a new gender role and are getting the shorter end of the stick. Women entering the work force are diminishing the amount of jobs available to men. The researcher believes that the situation will somehow grow worse for men in our current 21th century. Mental disorders like depression and eating disorders like anorexia, which has been described in the essay and predominately been female ill ness, will make an appearance in men sooner or later. As the divorce rate increases these days, active fathers whose children are ripped away suffer from depression. Men who choose to be a stay at home dad will suffer from depression and possibly eating disorders. In conclusion, the researcher tries to predict future realities for both genders and suggests in the essay that in order for gender challenges to become nonexistent societies gender roles for men and women should blend equally into one norm for both sexes.

Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist - Essay Example Despite its best-selling nature and general acclaim, then, Coelhos story a young boy and his "Personal Legend" (22) does not make a compelling argument. This is because, when faced with scrutiny in the form of looking at the larger universe outside his novel, Coelhos notion of a purposeful and benevolent universe does not work. The Alchemist starts with its protagonist, a young shepherd named Santiago living a simple life in the hills of Andalusia, in Spain. Santiago enjoys reading, and has had the same dream—one in which he is told of a great treasure—twice in a row. Most of the story is about his travels as he journeys to Egypt to find this treasure, and he eventually does find a chest of gold, although it turns out to have been where he was originally sleeping all along. In the epilogue, we see Santiago, now a rich man, happy not only from his new-found wealth, but from the way he has grown and the things he saw on his journey. This, we are meant to assume, is the real treasure, and it is one that ties in with the conclusion—calling it a moral might be a bit too strong—that Coelho builds up in his story from nearly the start. Throughout the novel, Santiago is met with resistance to his dream. The leader of the bandits who attacks him tells him he needs to "learn that a man shouldnt be so stupid" (Coelho 163). After he leaves Spain he has all his money stolen in Tangiers by a man who ironically tells him that the city "is a port, and every port has its thieves" (Coelho 37). Despite these set-backs, Coelho smoothly sets up as the main premise of the novel the idea that a positive attitude and a desire for success overcomes all obstacles. This is made most explicit in the role of Melchizedek, who tells the boy the book he is reading "describes peoples inability to choose their own Personal Legends" (Coelho 18) and argues that, in fact, â€Å"when you want something, all the universe

Does music work on the mind or the body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Does music work on the mind or the body - Essay Example The most obvious property of music is its sound and this, in turn, is caused by actual occurrences in the physical world. Rodeway sums it up neatly when he writes: â€Å"The auditory sense is primarily physical rather than chemical. The sound is concerned with motion or activity, that is with vibration and resonance of substances (air, water, solids). (Rodoway: 1994, p. 90) The human ear is the main receiver of sound and is able to detect the movement of air and distinguish variations in the sounds that are produced. There are, however, other parts of the body that are involved in listening to music, because the ear is part of a perceptual system, involving the whole human organism and elements of the environment which the listener and the music share. Anyone who has attended a rock concert is very aware of the physical sensation of vibration which occurs when base sounds are emitted from huge speakers with great intensity: the whole upper body feels the vibrations. Some high pitche d sounds are painful, causing the eyes to tighten up and the body to cringe. Observation of humans and animals as they react to music and other sounds reveals that movement of the head and shoulders towards the source of a sound often occurs so that both ears can be used to help locate the distance and direction accurately. Some animals like foxes and dogs have ears that face forward and can be swiveled left and right to focus more closely. The physical properties of the space in which music occurs are also important in determining how sound is received.

Keylogger Scam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Keylogger Scam - Essay Example ger pertains to hardware, a computer program, or a physical device, which aims at logging all the keystrokes that are input by the users and generated from the keyboard. These keystrokes are then secretly stored and logged without letting the computer users know that all that is being typed in can be seen by anyone else. Generally, the logs can be retrieved by the individual who has installed the key-logger into the computer only through the pressing of an arrangement of different keys at once and/or by inputting a confidential password. In numerous situations, the log cannot be transferred by the key-logger remotely through Bluetooth, email or any such methods. There are various ways in which the individuals can avoid being subject to the keylogger scams. For instance, it is essential to read all the terms and conditions when any offer is received over the Internet because claims made by extremely cheap offers have costs and threats hidden in them. Unsolicited or suspicious emails should not be opened, and no links in spam mails should be clicked. Above all, the software should be installed to protect the computer from unwanted programs or viruses. Any harmful gaming or music websites should not be opened as they may become a source of hidden viruses or scams (Scam watch, 2012). Public computers should never be used for making any transactions which expose private information. It is essential to keep the spyware updated, and an encrypted file should also be maintained to keep passwords. There are several types of computer crimes that are committed in the modern era. They include identity theft, bank frauds, theft of classified information, extortion, cyber stalking, phishing scams and many others. All these are the modern crimes that aim at spoiling an individuals identity or posing harms and dangers to the personal or financial assets. In both political and industrial espionage, keyloggers can be utilized as tools to access data which might include classified

Occupation Wall Street Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Occupation Wall Street - Essay Example Occupy Wall Street took place in New York City, Wall Street. Wall Street is a financial district. The Possibility of the Group Being Classified as a Terrorist Organization, According To F.B.I.’s Definition By all means, there is no way OWS can be classified as a terrorist organization. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) defines a terrorist organization as an outfit that engages in the unlawful use of violence and force against people or property with the intention of coercing or intimidating a government, civilians or any part of these two, as a way of furthering political or social aims (Spiller, 2006). First, as already stated, OWS does not meet the definition of an organization, since it has no hierarchical structure that governs intra-organizational relations. All the deliberations on the specifics of the protests were being made via Facebook and Twitter, but not from clandestine centers. On the contrary, terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda have a clear chain of command and bases to operate from. Secondly, it is worth noting that OWS did not employ the use of violence as a way achieving its ends. Instead, it used peaceful protests as a way of addressing its concerns. While terrorism through violence has left many maimed, dead, pauperized and emotionally devastated, OWS did not antagonize anyone.

Keylogger Scam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Keylogger Scam - Essay Example ger pertains to hardware, a computer program, or a physical device, which aims at logging all the keystrokes that are input by the users and generated from the keyboard. These keystrokes are then secretly stored and logged without letting the computer users know that all that is being typed in can be seen by anyone else. Generally, the logs can be retrieved by the individual who has installed the key-logger into the computer only through the pressing of an arrangement of different keys at once and/or by inputting a confidential password. In numerous situations, the log cannot be transferred by the key-logger remotely through Bluetooth, email or any such methods. There are various ways in which the individuals can avoid being subject to the keylogger scams. For instance, it is essential to read all the terms and conditions when any offer is received over the Internet because claims made by extremely cheap offers have costs and threats hidden in them. Unsolicited or suspicious emails should not be opened, and no links in spam mails should be clicked. Above all, the software should be installed to protect the computer from unwanted programs or viruses. Any harmful gaming or music websites should not be opened as they may become a source of hidden viruses or scams (Scam watch, 2012). Public computers should never be used for making any transactions which expose private information. It is essential to keep the spyware updated, and an encrypted file should also be maintained to keep passwords. There are several types of computer crimes that are committed in the modern era. They include identity theft, bank frauds, theft of classified information, extortion, cyber stalking, phishing scams and many others. All these are the modern crimes that aim at spoiling an individuals identity or posing harms and dangers to the personal or financial assets. In both political and industrial espionage, keyloggers can be utilized as tools to access data which might include classified

American Indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Indian - Essay Example We do not want to hear what that man has to say. Be seated.†(Pope) That sealed the fate of the Medicine Man, and he meekly obeyed the order without protest. The women of the house had powers to get rid of an abusive man and a man with negative traits. Social rules and regulations were so liberal and the author writes, â€Å"A woman shouldn’t be ostracized if she has a baby out of marriage.† (Pope)This shows how progressive the society was and as such I think this is a great article, that gives the true picture of women in the Indian Society and how forward looking it was. In the second article, â€Å"Writing and Art by North American Indian Women,† it is explained, with the advent of colonial powers, how the Indian Society suffered and their traditions and social structure were adversely affected. When Attakullakulla, Cherokee chief reached out to the whites to negotiate a treaty, his first question to the white delegation was, â€Å"Where are your women?†(Awiakta) Issues have changed much, and the advent of materialism has deteriorated the conditions of women in the society in real terms. The author laments and asks â€Å"I turn to my own time (1983). I look at the Congress, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . . . at the hierarchies of my church, my university, my city, my children’s school. †¦.Where are your women?†(Awiakta) Even the U. S. Constitution does not include equal rights for women. Both the articles throw light on the gender equality, how women enjoyed great powers in the Indian Society, before the advent of colonial powers and how the powers and status of women were on the wane gradually. A woman is an economic unit now, not the important social and spiritual entity that she was once upon a

Communication In Job Role Essay Example for Free

Communication In Job Role Essay Review the range of groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed in own job role. Resident communication needs In my job role as a Deputy Manager I must ensure that I consider the different levels of communication when supporting our residents: We use the following within my work place: Picture schedule This is a form of pictures on a long strip of Velcro, which highlights what is expected of the resident thought the day. This is important to the resident because it enables the individual to see what activities they have thought out the day, it provides a structured day for the resident to identify what activities they have first then after. This provides stable communication between staff member and the residents in aid of reducing anxiety. Barriers and challenges. Barriers that and challenges may arise are: Individuals whom are using the pictures may become too complacent there for require the same product such as dairy milk chocolate bar that is presented on the picture. This can become a challenge as if diary milk factory was to shut and the products where to be no longer produced then the resident whom has the picture of the diary milk and has constantly used this picture to resemble chocolate for the last ten years may become anxious due to not having the chocolate bar resembling the correct photo. Staff members may not be consistent with using the picture schedule, when using picture schedule it is paramount that staffs are consistent when prompting picture schedule. This can become an barrier and a challenge when some staff are using the schedule and some are not. This can confuse the residents and increase anxiety when not used; this can also take the skill away from that resident as well as hinder their communication development. Staffs whom are not adequate trained in using the picture schedule could provide a potential barrier to our residents as it creates a disturbance in the routine of their daily activities in not knowing what they are going to do for the day. Social story A social story is used to simplify a form of information. This is done by having words as well as pictures to explain the information that is needed to be presented to the person. For example: This form of communication is used within our service it ensures that the individual feels included in any decisions that are made, and that they are aware of what is expected off them when they are going on an activity, any planned activities set for the future. They can also be used to explain the step by step guide of what they are to do on a daily bases. This form of communication also reduces anxiety by giving the resident a preferred communication between staff and the individual; it also gives them a clear understanding of what staff members are asking them to do. Individuals whom are creating the social stories may provide information that is too difficult for the resident to understand. They could also presume that the information given has been taken in by the resident; the challenge that may arise is that the resident will not take in the information and may become anxious due to confusion over what is being asked. Another barrier may be too much information, depending on whom you are presenting the social story to, some require bug writing and big pictures where as others may require average size font and pictures but with short and sweet information. A challenge may arise when we presume that an individual whom is using picture schedule may understand social stories, this can in effect create a barrier as it provides the resident with no information other than words and pictures. When presenting the social story, we may not be presenting the social story in the correct manner in accordance to the individual, When reading we may need to be mindful of how fast we go through the information and how many times we go read the social story to the person. Because by going over to many times may cause an issue as well as how fast we read through as some individual may take longer to cognitively understand the information, therefore we must ensure we work at the speed of the individual whom we are working with. Verbal communication Some of our residents require verbal communication, however not all residents who are verbal are able to understand all language used. Therefore they require to be communicated with simple form of vocabulary rather than jargon. This is important to be assessed and mindful because you do not want to give them information that is too difficult to understand, you want them to have simple words that they can take in and understand to avoid any confusion or anxiety. A barrier that may arise when verbally communicating to a resident is how fast and what form of words we use. Not all residents whom are vocal are able to understand long fast sentences there for we must speak to the resident in a manner that they can understand. For example if the resident understands one single word then staff will use the single word rather than a sentences, this is because by using the sentences it could potentially create a challenge as it can cause the resident to become anxious by having too much demands placed on them. I also need to be mindful of whom I am speaking to when I am communicating to individuals, for instance if I speak to a GP then I would not speak the same to the residents as my choice of words will differ massively. Therefore I must always be mindful of the way that I communicate to each individual to ensure that they understand the information that is presented as well as I understands the needs of each person. Makaton We do not have a resident who uses Makaton however if the staff did not know how to use Makaton then we would need Makaton training to enable use to communicate effectively with the resident. We would also need to ensure that we have a basic communication with that resident to ensure we meet the needs of the resident threw understanding what the residents wants and any issues the resident may have on a daily bases. Pecks Book A pecks book is used with one of our residents to identify what he wants, the  peck books provides the resident with a choice of what to eat and what activities he would like to do on a daily bases. This is helpful as it provides the team with a preferred communication style in enabling the staff to identify what activities and want he requires. We can support this by ensuring that we be consistent when using the pecks book with the residents to enable the resident to maintain the communication skill. If we do not use this form of communication then the resident will potentially forget how to use the communication book as well has not be able to communicate his needs to the staff effectively. Team communication needs Team meeting As a team a form of communication that we use are team meetings, team meetings allow staff and management to formally communicate any issues or good relating practices that are present. It is important when conducting a team meeting that all relevant information communicated is understood by all of our staff team, if there is any person who requires help then supervision may help. Other ways of helping would be to complete an information leaflet of what has been said in the meeting as well as the action plans and outcomes. Supervisions Not all staff members are able to share their opinions when in a team meeting another form of preferred communication for some is via supervisions. This enables the individual to discuss their feeling and thoughts without feeling judged by others, it also gives the employee an opportunity to discuss their opinions through their own preferred communication. It also provides managers with an effective approach on how each staff member should receive their supervision. It is paramount that when giving supervision, managers should cater their discussion around the individual. They should also ensure they be mindful of whom they are speaking to and how they approach negative and constructive feedback depending on the individual whom is undergoing the supervision. You can also support effective communication threw supervisions by getting the individual involved in completing the supervision form; you can also provide them with an outcome of the supervision enabling them to  read over and sign in their own time. Barriers and challenges Communication book Communication book can be used to log important information that is needed to be handed over, it can also be used to pass on massages to staff members whom are not on shift. We are able to provide effective communication through this book by ensuring staff read and sign what is put into the book; this can ensure that when they have signed the information then they understand what has been passed on within the book. However the only issue with the communication book is that staff may not always read the book or they may not read the information. This can be reduced by providing the communication book on hand over, shift leader to ensure all staff read and sign also you could have an extended sheet of the a4 paper highlighting the important information that staff should read and sign. We also need to be mindful how we provide the information; Information that is put into the book should be clear, understandable, literature that all staff can understand to avoid any confusion. Face to Face contact whilst on shift. Even though it can be easier to put information into a communication it is not always the best form of communication to all, why because we are all individuals. Some individuals require management to discuss any issues via face to face contact as some individuals tend to understand more when they are listening and picking up body language when talking. We can support individual threw face to face contact by asking them do they understand and if there is any other way they would like the information, you can also effective communication by ensuring the person is focused on you rather than the things going on in the environment.

The sociological theory of social constructionism

The sociological theory of social constructionism Social Constructionism essentially represents a sociological theory of knowledge that studies the development of various sociological phenomena in social contexts. A social construct, the anchor of this theory, refers to a concept that is the artefact of a specific group. Social constructs, to elaborate, dispense with take away from commonly accepted inherent qualities of items, concepts, or issues, and instead focus on their dependence upon, and the contingent and conditional rationale of, our social sense. They describe such issues and things are more easily described as the result of numerous human choices, rather than of natural laws or divine intention. The origins of present day social constructionist theories go back to the writings of Immanuel Kant. Kant argued for the existence of a world that was independent of human minds, thus implying that humans should not assert that they created the world. This world, he said, is without structure and is not divided into things and facts. Structure is imposed on the world by perceiving it and thinking of it in specific ways, as also and by the adoption of particular sets of beliefs, (rather than instead of others) about it. Vivine Burr (2003, p 2) argues that social constructionism enables individuals to adopt critical attitudes towards their conventional and traditional methods of perceiving and understanding the world and their own selves. It provides humans us with fresh ways on perceiving ideas and things that are considered to be commonplace and are unquestioningly accepted. Numerous things like for example money, newspapers or citizenship are socially constructed and. All of these t hings would not obviously have existed in the absence of society. Each of them furthermore could have well been constructed differently. Social constructionism encourages people to question the widely held perception that conventional and accepted knowledge has sprung has come about from objective and impartial examination of the world. It is as such opposed to the positivist epistemology of traditional science and spurs thinking individuals to constantly question their assumptions about the appearance of their environment and its various components. This short study deals with the implications of social constructionism for social workers and how its use can help them social workers to understand human behaviour. Specific emphasis has been given to the use of social constructionism in understanding commonly held perceptions and attitudes towards mental disorders. The Use of Social Constructionism by Social Workers to Understand Human Behaviour Social workers have two fundamental objectives, namely the strengthening of the ability of individuals and groups to cope with and overcome the many difficulties and challenges they confront in life, and the bringing about of improvements in various social and environmental circumstances areas, in order to improve the satisfaction of human needs; especially of people from underprivileged and oppressed social segments. Social workers plan and attempt their various interventions through their understanding of environmental circumstances, the various reasons for such these conditions, and the client system. Such understanding and knowledge and the consequent adoption of theoretic approaches significantly influence the point, the tool, and the nature of social work intervention. It becomes evident that adoption of theoretic preferences, based upon an understanding of the reality of the client environment, is crucial, both to social work theory and its practice. Theories of classical empiricism assert that the truth about the world is established and is independent of the individual. Social constructionism conversely puts forth argues that such truth is certainly not independent of individuals but is actually depends upon their thoughts, perceptions and beliefs. Social workers, by using social constructionism, will be able to understand the various dimensions of reality within such individual thoughts, perceptions and beliefs. Constructionists state that reality cannot be known separately from our elucidation of it. Social constructionism works on the principle that reality is constructed socially and places emphasis on language as a critical route for interpretation of experience. Whilst objectivists state that individuals make discoveries and find out about the reality of the world through the construction and testing of hypotheses via the actions of neutral observers, constructionists debunk such assumptions arguing that the interests and values of observers can never be separated from their observations and are thus bound to influence the final construction of common perceptions about world realities. Gergen (1985, p 270), states that generation of ideas of reality is initiated by social, rather than individual, processes and that the touted objective reality of the positivist approach is actually the result of various social construction processes that are influenced by historical, political, cultural and economic conditions. With such knowledge being essentially constructed, it can change over time and diverge across cultural groups that embrace different perceptions and beliefs about human nature and development. Considering that the norms, beliefs, valu es, traditions, attitudes and practices of different cultural groups vary from each other, the social construction of their knowledge is also likely to differ significantly. An understanding of this fundamental principle can help social workers in their realisation of the different perceptions, attitudes and behaviours of different individuals towards similar social phenomena or stimuli. Social constructionism helps social workers in adopting critical stances towards established assumptions on regarding the social world that reinforce the interests of powerful and dominant social groups and assists them in realising that the world has come about because of historical processes of communication and negotiation between groups and individuals. Gergen (1985, p 266), states that people see the world through the eyes of their particular communities and cultures and respond accordingly. Established assumptions, understandings and behaviours of people are sustained by social, political, economic and moral institutions. Payne (1997), states that reality, according to social constructionism, can be stated to be the guidance of behaviour by individual perceptions of knowledge and reality. Individuals arrive at shared perceptions of reality through the sharing of their knowledge via different social processes that first organise such knowledge and thereafter establish it by making it objective. Social and individual activity thus becomes habitual with individuals sharing their assumptions about their perceptions of reality. People behave in line with social conventions that are based on such shared knowledge. These conventions are furthermore institutionalised because of the agreement of many people on such understandings on different aspects of society. Such realisations and accords become legitimised by processes that integrate these ideas about reality into ordered and believable systems. Social workers need to realise that social understanding is finally the combined result of various human understandings through the operation of circular processes, wherein individuals contribute to the construction of social meaning within social structures of societies through processes of institutionalisation and legitimisation. Societies consequently create conventions through the participation of individuals in their structures, which, in turn influences the behaviours of people. Spirals of constantly moving influences build and rebuild the conventions that people adopt and by which they live. Berger and Luckmann, (1966), state that individuals experience the world to be an objective reality, comprising of persons and events that exist separately of individuals perceptions. Language provides the means through which individuals make sense of their environment, classify persons and events, and interpret new experiences. The shared reality of everyday life by different individuals distinguishes it from individual realities, (like dreams). Language helps individuals in sharing their experiences and making it available to others. Such sharing of reality leads to institutionalisation and thereafter to habitual ways of working. Habitualism makes the behaviour of different individuals predictable, facilitates joint activity and perpetuates social control mechanisms. Knowledge is as such institutionalised within sub-groups, or at social levels, and significantly influences the behaviour of people. Social constructionism allows social workers to question dominant structures of knowledge and understand the impact of culture and history. Social workers by and large understand the requirements of humans through the interplay of different ideological, ethical, political and economic factors. An understanding of social constructionism can help them in understanding the responses behind the actions of both dominant and vulnerable groups of society and decide upon the adoption of the best suited routes for bringing about social change. Social Constructionism and Mental Illness Much of modern day societys perceptions about mental ailments are influenced by the medical and psychological models, which state that medical illnesses are real; they concern disturbances in thoughts, experiences, and emotions and can be serious enough to cause functional impairment in individuals. Such ailments make it difficult for individuals to sustain interpersonal relationships and conduct their jobs. They can also sometimes result in self destructive actions, including suicides. The more serious of such illnesses, like extreme depression and schizophrenia, can often be chronic and lead to serious disability. The social constructionist approach states that such much of modern day perceptions about mental ailments are caused by the specifically constructed vocabularies of medical and psychological models, replete with their elaborate terminologies for mental disorders and focused their focus on deficits. Social constructionism can help social workers in understanding the socially constructive and destructive illusions that have been created put up by existing medical and psychological models and deficit based language. Walker (2006), states that vocabularies of medical and psychological models, including the concept of mental illness itself, are essentially social constructions. They are made up of vocabularies that describe deficits and diseases and perceive human beings as things that can be examined, diagnosed and treated, much in the manner of machines. Such perceptions (a) lead to obsessions with compliance, (b) distinguish between normal and pathological states, and (c) position prac titioners as experts, even as clients are represented built up determined as passive and obedient recipients of treatment. Recommended treatments focus on elimination of symptoms, support established paternalistic roles, and are not focused on actual client needs. Examined from the perspective of linguistics, reified categories like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia appear to be defined by clusters termed as symptoms; schizophrenia for example is concerned with the occurrence of audio hallucinations. Such terms, it is evident exists only because of the creation of consensus among the dominant groups of doctors and psychologists and persist because of convention. Mental illnesses are often described akin to physical ailments like diabetes, where individuals are required to manage their lives with specific medications. Such comparisons are used to explain the working of medications and to make the diagnosis and recommended treatment for mental ailments acceptable to clients. Such analogies however breakdown completely considering if it is realised that discussions about thoughts and feelings of individuals concern their identities and not their bodies. Social workers need to understand that the vocabularies of medical and psychological models essentially position clinicians as the most suitable interpreters of client experiences. Even apparently harmless terms like clinical or treatment plans establish contexts where clients are perceived to be abnormal or having pathologies, even as clinicians are established as authorities with abilities to perform interventions for assisting clients in overcoming their pathologies. With the power of definition lying with clinicians, the labelling of people as mentally ill pushes them to the borders of society and takes away from them their intrinsic rights and privileges. Social constructionism helps social workers in understanding that whilst political and human pressure has helped in eliminating the incarceration of the mentally ill in mental hospitals, the distinction created by vocabulary on mental illness leads to the movement of centres of power to clinicians and undermines efforts for self determination and community integration. Such medical and psychological vocabularies constitute obstacles to more inclusive mental health programmes and undermine social understanding of people with mental disorders.

The History of Feminine Fiction:Exploring Laura Runge’s Article, Gender

The History of Feminine Fiction:Exploring Laura Runge’s Article, Gendered Strategies in the Criticism of Early Fiction Laura Runge is an assistant professor of English at the University of South Florida. In her article, "Gendered Strategies in the Criticism of Early Fiction," Runge argues that, during the eighteenth century, the overdetermined gendered association between the female reader and the female writer excluded the female novelist from literary excellence and ultimately led to the inferior status of fictional writing. While the novel became recognized as a feminine genre, criticism ignored the achievement of female authors and became overtly masculine. In defining literary achievement by male standards, criticism reinforced the subordinate role of women in both the British culture and literature. Runge says it is the gendered literary hierarchy, established in the criticism of the eighteenth century, that makes it difficult to evaluate the history of the entire novel. As the social and economic conditions of eighteenth century Britain shifted from a family based system to one dependent on industry, women were no longer valuable as workers. This transition allowed for the developing reading habits of the middleclass woman as they were left with more free time. However, the cultural definition of females compromised the feminized genre. As women were defined as subordinate to men, their literature was reduced by critics to "bad-fiction." One critic wrote, "So long at the British ladies continue to encourage our hackney scribblers, by reading every romance that appears, we need not wonder that the press should swarm with such poor insignificant productions" (365). Despite the presumed inferiority of fiction, authors, ... ...bsequently, the only success females were acknowledged for or granted was as the provider of domestic morality. Gendered strategies, in the criticism of early fiction, made feminine fiction incapable of excellence. By using conventional heterosexual relationships in their prefaces, authors only succeed in supporting the masculine control over fiction. The appraisals women gained only reinforced their inferior status. "Criticism placed female authors in a specific and confined critical sphere, while it located male authors in an other, more respected field" (375). By aligning their works with popular male literature, women inadvertently strengthened male authority. Women were only granted recognition in terms of their limited social stature. It is these gendered values and strategies that makes the history of the novel and feminine achievement difficult to assess.